Cellular PathologyTissue Processing, Staining and Observation Essay

Cellular PathologyTissue Processing, Staining and Observation - Essay ExampleA staining schedule of action was put into expend and this concerned the usage of ovary cell of Chinese hamster. This was done because they develop as a single layer and when ever they are kept in besotted vicinity there is a tendency to fuse and join together. Two very different techniques of straining were used for straining the cells. These cells were firstly worked with acridine orange and light microscope was used for viewing. In the second process the cells were worked with eosin and hematoxylin and were examined under microscope with a bright theatre. The entire process of staining and growth of the cells was done under a secured parameter of the Leighton tube. However, it can be mentioned that the tissues require affect for the reason that by working out the details of processing the tissues would reveal an improved amount of detail.The processing involves multiple steps that includes vital ste p of tissue water replacement with wax and the general format in the first stage is using the forked stage. In this context the water removal process could be enumerated as the second stage and is specified as dehydration. Methol and ethanol alcohol is used in the next stages that include nucleic acids and proteins denaturing are involved along with chemical reactivity preservation with the addition molecule alteration. Shrinking comes into action with the use of alcohol and the tissues induce brittle. To prevent this limited and several alcohol baths can be used with clearing agents like xylene and touleune. Specimen shrinkage can also be decreased by embedding them into resin. Embedding CentreEpoxyresin Aromatic polyhydroxy methacrylates HEMA or Glycolmethacrylate Cellulose tetranitrate or Celloidin Polyester or Ester and wax Wax soluble in water Low viscosity cellulose nitrate or LVN Plastic resinsCryostat-Tissues that freezes slowly- Advanced freeze cabinet is used for freezin g tissues - Thermoelectric module is used for freezing tissues.-Methods of Rapid freezing -Evaporating liquified used for freezing fast -Carbon dioxide cooling governance -Cooling system with the use of frozen carbon dioxide-Liquid nitrogen cooling system While diagnosing tumours Cryostat sections are a preferable element and are a typical procedure in production of histological sections. Bright field MicroscopeIt can be enumerated that the principal of staining is used because in general terms the larger number of tissues are basically colourless and that is the reason this rule is used for identifying them. Eosin behaves at par with acidic dyes while Haematoxylin acts like a v in basic state. Both these elements tend to develop common salt or electrostatic linkages with tissues that are ionized radicals. It should be mentioned that the acidophilic tissues are those who are attracted towards acid dye and on the other hand basophilic are the ones who acts with basic dyes. Haemat oxylin is instrumental in staining the tissue components that are basophilic in nature and the reaction yields a dye purple. One such role model is the nucleus. The reason behind this lies in the fact that the compositions are made up with acid glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids. On the other hand cytoplasm pink is stained by eosin because

The Central Intelligence Agancy (CIA) Assignment

The Central news Agancy (CIA) - Assignment ExampleThe Central Intelligence manner (CIA) is the leading independent discussion room of US government which is responsible to provide the national security concerns to US government. It was formed under National security measures Act of 1947. The agency controls sensitive nature of work and therefore directly reports the security concerns to the senior policymakers of US government. Senate and President of United States decide the appointment for director of Central Intelligence agency, who is responsible for all the operating, budgeting and human resource matter of the Agency. The Director of CIA works as a National Human Source Intelligence Manager (HUMINT) (FAS, 2009, 1). The history of intelligence activities in United States started in the period of George Washington but since World fight II these activities are properly twin(a) and directed by government. For this purpose, a New York lawyer William J. Donovan was appointed as the origin coordinator of entropy. He then became the head of the Office of strategic Services (OSS) in 1942 when US entered in World War II. The responsibilities of OSS were to collect and analyze information. However, it was dissolved after World War II along with other agencies and the functions of OSS were transferred to state and War departments (DNI, 2011, 7). After some time, President Truman (The US President of that time) felt the need of Intelligence organization and decided to create a separate intelligence agency of United State. Truman, under National Security Act 1947, established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).... These staff includes the human resources, protocol, public affairs, legal issues, information management, and bang innovation (FIA, 2009, 1). VISION The Agency has a vision to secure the world from threats. The vision statement of CIA is One Agency. One Community. An Agency unmatched in its core capabilities, functioning as one team, fully integrated into the Intelligence Community (CIA Website) The statement clearly reveals the future direction of CIA. The agency wants to be the unmatched intelligence agency in the world. It wants to create secure and peaceful environment in United States. It wants second to be none. MISSION & GOALS OF CIA We are the nations first line of defense. We accomplish what others cannot accomplish and go where others cannot go. We carry out our mission by Collecting information that reveals the plans, intentions and capabilities of our adversaries and provides the basis for decision and action. Producing timely analysis that provides insight, warning and opportunity to the President and decision makers charged with protecting and advancing Americas interests. Conducting covert action at the direction of the President to preempt threats or achieve US policy objectives. (CIA Website) The mission of CIA reflects the true picture of intelligence. The agency is number one in providing intelligence servi ces. Its primary purpose is to collect the information which is against the peaceful environment and interest of America. The agency also analyze the information in order know the hidden threats and then convey it to the US authoritative decision makers. Finally the agency implements the action plans according to the direction of decision

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis - Case Study ExampleWith industry analysis we have estimated few companies ROE who atomic number 18 performing signifi droptly for long time. For example In scale of ROE (Return on Equity) GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) presents .46, .45, NOVARTIS presents .151, .140 and Abbott presents .203, .198 for the consecutive year 2010 and 2011. In this comparative positioning among the competitors Abbott can sustain with ROE, which will eventually protect asset and efficiency improvement in the long run. With the global recession this ROE ratio appears a slowdown in recent years, which is accurate in compargon to other ratio like ROA, which came across the result as the recent years are higher than previous, this presents short term affect of business operation than long term picture of existing activities.For a manufacturing company the determine we can get most viable to implement is Reduce operating expenses and staff salaries. In recent competition, charge of the products are increasi ng due to antithetical raw materials and fuel price increases, besides these when operating and staff salaries become good amount product price gets uncontrollable and business may flake out its market for high price. Under these conditions implementing commission based model would be a bigger save for the manufacturing companies for the long term sustenance, in terms of price control. Commission based activities and fulltime urgent functionalities have to be separated to identify the weight of the assignment or the internal task. There are some sorts of activities which can be best performed upon task performance commission basis, instead of continuous salary whether there are sufficient need of particular skill or not. For example machine operator of the core item needs to be employed in salary basis, but the market seller as well(p) as product design and development research activities has to be commission based on specific amount to complete the task

The Export-Led Growth Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Export-Led Growth Model - Essay ExampleChinas good example is rooted in the double transition of demographic and structural transformation. China economy has tremendously managed the double-digit growth rates from the period when it began economic transformation. This enabled the country to lift from a planned to a mixed economy where the market plays the significant roles in resource allocation. Thus, despite the political, social and economic problems associated with the rapid growth in China economies, export-led growth has tremendously enabled China to increase their profitability levels, balance their finances, exceed their debts and trigger their export growth rate.Export-led growth assume have been booming in many economies that employ this model for creating economic transformation. The export-led model is significant because it has enabled many economies to increase their profitability levels, balance their finances and exceed their debts. China has benefited from th e export-led model since they started using it because this model has enabled them to increase their profitability levels. China was ranked the second largest economies that have emerged and improved in terms of economic performance in the orbiculate market. This model has not only enabled them to increase their profitability level but also to balance their finances thus enabling China to emerge as the successful economies in Asian markets.It has also triggered export growth rate in the China market thus creating higher export levels.... This model has not only enabled them to increase their profitability level but also to balance their finances thus enabling China to emerge as the successful economies in Asian markets. It has also triggered export growth rate in the China market thus creating higher export levels in a rising reel cycle. For instance, the GDP (Gross Domestic Products) in China market expanded by 2%, in the category 2012 and indicated in figure 1 below. Historical ly, the GDP just rate was 2.06% from 2011 and the record indicated the 1.50 % low in 2012 as indicated in figure1 below. China is one of the second economies after the United States that has improved their export rate in the global market. China has varied industries that export multiple products to diverse countries across the globe. The rise of population growth rate has enabled them to improve their economic performance because of recondite markets because of both rich markets both in the domestic and the international markets. For instance, the National Bureau of Statistics of China reveals that the GDP for the China economy was 51,932.2 billion in the year 2012 thus contributing to economic expansion of 7.9 percent. Figure 1 GDP Growth Rate in China markets The implementation model of export-led growth has significantly contributed to increased rapid growth in the China markets. For the last three decades, China economy has grown to the average rates, which exceed 9% thus, i t is widely respect by other nations (Razmi 2008, p. 1). Furthermore, the growth has been accompanied by the reduction levels in poverty thus enabling the China market to be ranked among the take and emerging economies in the Asian nations. However, the trajectory of rapid growth in China has created political, social made

Marketing Research on Reynolds Pen Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research on Reynolds Pen EssayWe argon deeply indebted to Ms. Malvika Mago for her continual support guidance and inspiration in completion of the program and preparation of this document. Our sincere thanks for giving me invaluable suggestion. We are in like manner grateful to new(prenominal) employee of reynolds pen for their encouragement and help. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to reynolds for giving us an opportunity to complete our project. last but not the least we would like to thank our parents and friends for their moral support throughout the project. Pens introduced to India, international whole tone writing instruments, and groceryed them under the brand name Reynolds. It was also he first company to build a brand in a category that behaved more like a commodity till then. Over the last 20 years, G. M. Pens has invested substantially in edifice a large manufacturing base with facilities in Chennai and Pondicherry. A state of the art RD facility, one of the most sophisticated in the Reynolds family worldwide, has ensured that the latest in writing engineering science is available to the Indian consumers. G.M. Pens offers the widest range of writing instruments and accessories in the Indian market. A variety of writing instruments including ball pens, gel pens, fountain ens, mechanical pencils, markers, handy boards and childrens color pens that cater to consumers from the age group of six to sixty are marketed under the brand name Reynolds. A continuous focus on consistent quality and a constant endeavour to provide quality products at affordable prices have ensured that Reynolds has been the numero uno in the Indian writing instruments market.A substantial investment has also been made in establishing the Reynolds brand name through the mass media, especially through television and press ads, in an effort to convert the category from a commodity to a brand dominated one. The companys products are available in t hree hundred thousand retail outlets across India cover through a network consisting of 1800 redistribution stockiest and 27 main stockiest. This is facilitated by a sales and marketing team of over 300 professionals.Established in 1927 at la Ferte-Milon in France, Reynolds has over the past eight decades been a leader in writing instruments in Europe and the rest of the world. In 1946, the headquarters and factory were shifted to Valence, in the southernmost of France. The company is headquartered at Valence till date. With 450 employees, Reynolds, France has a daily production of 4 million writing instruments. Of this, exports account for 50% of sales. It has a worldwide market presence in 80 countries around the globe.Reynolds has 12 of its own manufacturing units established in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The year 1999 was a landmark year in the level of Reynolds. Since then it has been a member company of Sanford Corporation, USA. Sanford is a US $ 1. 2 billion company . Sanford is in turn the writing instruments division of the US $ 7 billion Newell Rubbermaid group. Sanford has the broadest range of writing, arking, coloring and drawing products worldwide.The main objective of our project is to know wherefore the sales of Reynolds pen have declined so drastically and what are the reasons git this .To know reasons behind this we did alpha research to know- Why the consumers have switched to other company products. What is the defect in product. 0 Assess the current market treat of Reynolds pen. 0 Is there any problem in design of pen. 0 Is there any problem in creating awareness about product The factors which are affecting our research design are Qualitative and Quantitative actors. To know this we will conduct Qualitative research first because we want to know why the sales of Reynolds pen has been declining and secondly we will conduct Quantitative research to know what are the reasons behind this.The type of research used for our study wa s an exploratory research, as the objective of the research was to have in depth understanding what are the reasons why the sales of Reynolds pen has been declining continuously . We have started our research.However we covered a specific list of topics and sub field of studys. This was done in the form of close ended question, where the timing, exact wording and time allocated to each question area was left at the interviewers. Since the research was qualitative as well as quantitative more emphasis has to be given while collecting data. sagaciousness open structure ensured that inspected facts or data could peruse easily. Mode of Interviewing In research we have done face to face interview Sampling- It consists of uncomplicated data and secondary data.Primary data was collected by applying probability. Under Non-probability we will use Convenience Sampling because we have to collect data from college termination students . Where as secondary data was obtained by seeing past sa les records of Reynolds pen, magazines, newspapers and by various other methods. Sample size- We have selected take in of vitamin C college going students . We have kept our sample size small so that we may collect data accurately with precession. If we would have elected large sample size it would have become difficult for us to collect data.

Halal and Haram Issues in Food and Beverages Essay Example for Free

Halal and Haram Issues in Food and Beverages EssayHalal and Haram Issues in Food and Beverages In food industry, modern science and technology lead to design of variety foods and drinkings. The evolution comes together with booming of additives and ingredients to match with demands and perfections in food production. Different types of beverages as well as variety of foods offered in the market often confuse the consumers especially Muslims and most of them be unaware of what they have consumed. Generally Halal means clean and healthy food which has too being prove scientifically. In Islam, the consumption of Halal food and beverage and using Halal consumer products are obligatory in serving Allah, the Creator and the Almighty. Therefore, Muslims communities are very aware(p) of food ingredients, handling process and packaging of food products. The foods and beverages are only Halal if the raw materials and ingredients used are Halal and it is fully compatible to the Islam ic guidelines. Nowadays, Halal oriented foods and beverages get food industry attention in all over the country as is expected to become a earthshaking contributor to economic growth.It must be understood that the production of Halal food and beverage are not only beneficial to Muslims, but also to food producers, by means of increased market acceptance of their products. In food production, sugars are widely used as it could make the food and beverage taste sweet and delicious. There are many types of sugars such as glucose, fructose, lactose and maltose. A problem occurs as those sugars might transform to an intoxicant named ethyl alcohol (or ethyl alcohol) by natural fermentation process which is not performed by enzymes.According to scientific review, both natural and manufactured products contain small sum of alcohol for example, fruits, juices, vegetables, breads, cheeses, beef, and honey. Those food and beverage usually contain not more than 0. 5% of alcohol. Therefore, a nything containing sugar is fermentable into alcohol. Other manufactured products such as coca plant Cola, Pepsi, and Mirinda contain alcohol at percentage range of 0. 2% 0. 3% as Beta Carotene (the colouring used) is melted by using the alcohol method. In addition, according toEastern Standard Time on July 8, 1999 (400 pm) The oils that they use to make Pepsi have minute trace of alcohol which combined make up a percentage of alcohol. The problem of alcohol that might contain in food or beverage has been debated by Mujamma Al-Fiqhi Al-Islami as certain types of alcohol are beneficial in food production. According to the Islam guidelines, Muslims are allow consuming ethanol as it is not harmful but only can be taken at small amount which is not more than the specified percentage.

Women Empowerment Essay Example for Free

Women Empowerment EssayThere is no peril of the welfargon of the world un slight the origin of women is improved. It is non possible for a bird to fly on one wing. Swami VivekanandaThe most signifi bottomlandt and longest social movement continuing is movement for emancipation of women. Though the primary goal for women authority is to improve the prime(a) of life of women but it has in addition deep ramifications in social, economic and political scenario of body polity. The media by its reach to people at large has been instrumental though not to the extent desired in supporting the movement for women emancipation by way neglect and marginalization of the position of the women in c completely tolder. It sounds intriguing how from a highly dignified position in Indias mythic history, the woman in India has been relegated to a secondary position. The vested interests of the ruling elite and the teen-begetting(prenominal) lobby influenced by alien agricultures legiti mised woman as an individual of dinky consequence. It would be a sad exposition on the subordinate function of women in India when woman is i appropriately viewed as Shakti (Power), the origin of power itself but in reality found as helpless, misfortunate woman with unwrap whatever identity except that of a wife, or the mother who has very little voice in decision making and has very little by way of her own basic choice. Although discrimination against and exploitation of women argon global phenomena, their consequences be to a greater extent(prenominal) tragic in the some parts of the orchis particularly in under developed countries where, ignorance, deprivation of the basic*Address by Mr. Justice G.N. Ray, Chairman, pressure level Council of India at the inauguration session of National Press Day on November 16, 2008 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. 2 necessities of life, and the ever-growing pressure of transition from tradition to modernity- all combine to aggravate the in equalities that women suffer to a point at which their existence is reduced to a continuous battle for survival. Improving the side of women is regarded as the key to narrowing the gender gap and achieving a better quality of life.Women argon under great social control and scrutiny which has restricted what they mountainful say and where and to whom. Cultural moves in almost every social set-up assure womens socialization in no uncertain terms. This has an authoritative bearing on their ability to communicate and express their thoughts.To discuss women empowerment it is necessary to deal with the present situation of women in India. I would a standardised(p) to briefly discuss certain key aspects related to the women which media should adaptedly cover and facilitate the process of empowerment of women.Gender InequationA vast major(ip)(ip)ity of Indian women organise through out their lives but the fact is that it is not officially recognized. Statistics on work force shows lo w figure of women workers. There is a skilful underestimation of womens contribution as workers even though when given a chance they establish convincingly proved their ability. Womens workforce participation the percentage of adult women who ar actually working is accepted indicator of womens status and component of the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) used in GNDP Human Development Reports. According to a survey conducted by NCW covering over 1200 women in some(prenominal) organized and uncoordinated sector it has been found that 50% experienced gender discrimination by way of material and mental harassment of women at work.The survey reported discrimination not scarce in salary but also in promotions, work distribution and working hours. Promoting gender equality was identified by the Government as priority strategic goal for the UN remains in3 India under UN Development Assistance Framework. We should not forget that Gender par is not just a womens anesthetize. It is an getting even for the nation.Wage discriminationWomen generally earn a far lower wage than men doing the resembling work. In no state in India women and men earn equal wage in agriculture. This is equally applicable to other areas of works much(prenominal) as mining, trade, transport services etc. In the unhomogeneous work sectors average wages earned by male is more than the wages earned by female.I would emphasize on the findings of UNDP which were published as Human Development Report concerning gender equality. It says Womens work is greatly under valuated in economic term. The value of household and community work transcends commercialise value.The media can certainly bring some of these biases in to light. Specially, women journalists mustiness take up this cause. The Indian constitution inducts it requisite to give equal protection to every citizen. Thus sympathetic media, judiciary and executive should stand for this together. Reform movement too is necessary in this regard. law-breaking against womenThe soaring crime rates and violence against women in the ground reflects women as weaker sex who are being dominated and exploited. They face violence inside and orthogonal the family throughout their lives. The Crime Record Bureau of Indias website shows that in the year 2006 (latest data available on website) total crime reported against women was 1, 91731. Police nature shows that a woman is molested in the country every 20 proceedings a rape occurs every 34 minutes and every 43 minutes an incident of internal harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes a woman is kidnapped and every 93 minutes, a woman is killed.4Before empowerment of women can be achieved it is necessary to enable women to give voice to their experience, their sufferings, and for society to encounter them as human being and respond to them with sensitiveness.Under Representation in important positionWomen are under represented in governance and decision making positio ns. At present women represent round 8-9% of Parliamentary seats and less than 6% of cabinet positions. Less than 4% seats in High Courts and Supreme Courts are occupied by women. Less than 3% of administrators are women. healthMillions of Indian women simply lack the freedom to go out of the house in search of health services they need. According to National Health look into 2 only 52% women in India are not even consulted on decision about their own health. The antenatal and postnatal care are beyond the reach of many Indian women. The National Health Survey 2 estimate mentions that some 1,00,000 to 1,20,000 women die every year due to maternity related causes. In some States death rate is quite high and alarming. The rate in India is quite higher than the maternal mortality rate surveyed in Cuba, China, Srilanka and Vietnam.The majority of women go through life in state of nutritional stress. They are anemic and malnourished. Girls and women face discrimination within the fa mily eating last and least. violate on Male-Female RatioMen out number women in India, unlike in many countries where the case is otherwise. The main cause of the gap in the male female ratio is prevailing practice of female fetus killing specially high in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. In these states, the ratio is shockingly low as compared to other Indian states. Female child mortality rates are higher than male infant 5 mortality rates. Sample Registration System (2000) reveals that female infant mortality rate is 74 per 1000 live birth.The sight media needs to focus on this health issue of women. The various precis incorporated by the govt. requires totalr coverage so that women especially from economically weaker section can be benefitted from them.Women EducationEducation of women enables them to set their own priorities, seek companionship and cultivation to make their informed choices. The literacy rate among women continues to be lower than those for men. As per data of 2004-2005 available with the National Sample Survey, literacy rate per 1000 amongst untaught women is approximately 450 and amongst urban female is almost 700. If we view overall position, there has been a positive development and female literacy rate has gone up 50% as per the National Sample Survey 1997 report. Despite this progress more than 245 million Indian women can not read and write.Only 50% of Indian women are literate as compared to 65.5% of men. Far fewer girls than boys go to school. Even if they are enrolled, many of the girl students drop out of the school. The female adult literacy rate in Malaysia, Srilanka, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia is more than 70% and higher than that in India.Medias Role in empowerment of women in IndiaCommunication is ingrainedly important for womens development and mass media play significant persona. It is to be noted that harvest of womens education and their entry into employment have contributed to the growth of media. In all s pheres of life whether for commanding population growth, spread of literacy or improving quality of life for vast masses, women have crucial role to play. However, women can be expected to play this role when they acquire conscious of their strength and are not deliberately marginalised by male domination. In this context, media has an important role to play to realize awakening in women to achieve their potential as the prime movers of change in society. In todays world, print and electronic media play a vital role in effectively conveying contentedness that needs to be conveyed.Portrayal of women by the MediaBy and large the media scene in India is that media does not address serious issues about exploitation and inequal treatment to women in different spheres but is keen in reporting sex related incidents by way of sensationalizing tidings of atrocities on women. Thus instead of highlighting the exploitation of woman they end up becoming one of the reasons in increase of vi olence as their coverage more often than not tend to glorify the crime against women. It is true that media has brought to light, as never before, certain misdemeanours against women but in a very subtle flair it also perpetuated the stereotyped image of woman as a householder and an inconsequential entity in the traditional value system.Generally, womens problems never figure on the front page of a innovativespaper unless it is a gruesome murder or a case of rape. Newspapers even on womens page does not usually address relevant issues for women empowerment but reporting is concerned with beauty tips recipes, fashion syndrome etc. 7 It is unfortunate that there is lack of sensitivity among the newspapers in general to women and their problems. I would like to arouse to the Study conducted by the Media Advocacy assort viz. Violence against Women Media Coverage and Representation. The Media Advocacy Group made the side by side(p) recommendations on reporting violence against the women.(i) Media needs to take an extended, broader view of crimes against women. It has to be instrumental in conducting a social audit on factors responsible for increasing crimes, particularly against women and children, including indifferent investigative procedures, miscarriage of justice, and growing social impunity of the perpetrators of crime. (ii) It also has to be instrumental in creating an awareness among civil society of the causes and nature of the crime itself, and of the preventive measures.(iii) When treating these issues, media has to be extremely factual and empirical.The study also stated that the only regulation that governs a sensitive reporting on this issue is that the rape victims hollo should not be disclosed. Barring this, the study found that everything else is graphically reported. Often the victims family name and address is cited, making a mockery in the letter and facial expression of the regulation. Though much of this violation and malpractice are committed by a fine group of publications, others are spurred on to imitate and keep pace with the sensational trend. Therefore, I urge the media to take a serious look on the issue and do self-regulation and self-monitoring with extreme care and caution.Aarushi murder case is another prime example of irresponsible and sensational reporting by the Media. The gruesome murder of a teenage girl for days have been the sound basis of increased TRPs of the News Channels. The media both electronic and print are morally and legally stand out to avoid sensationalisation of news relating to victims of crimes. The Press Council of 8 India had already drawn guidelines on the subject and appeals to media to follow them meticulously while reporting atrocities on women/child. It is important for me to refer at this point of time to, also an important issue that greatly and gravely impacts women in overt as well as covert manner, the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS insurance coverage by the me dia. The Press Council had focused on the issue way back in 1993 when the AIDS was treated as an incurable pestilent and anyone who contacted it was pariah. The prime sufferers of such ostracization were the women, being treated as an important cause and carrier of the so-called desease.Much water has flown down the ganges, since then and with medical advances, it has become necessary for the media to focus on the issue with not just a proactive but positive approach. Therefore, the Press Council has in consultation with the UNDP and the activists of the field redrawn the guidelines for media reportage that find place in the souvenir that is to be shortly released. I hope that guidelines, in the form of easy to refer Dos and Donts and expand ones for indepth mind of the issue, testament find place on the desk of every media person and their coverage of the HIV/AIDS stories will help the world handle the issue with greater sensitivity.Limited coverage in MediaNewspapers cover wom ens problems drawing the attention of policymakers to issues requiring immediate attention such as the adverse sex ratio, infant and maternal mortality, crime against women and the effects of poverty on women and their families. But this coverage is very limited with the rest of the space occupied by cinema actresses, models, television receiver jockeys (veejays) and the rich women and their hobbies. Many of the womens magazines are devoted to fashion, glamour, beauty aids, weight reduction, cookery and how to sharpen feminine instincts to keep men and their inlaws happy. There are comparatively fewer articles on career opportunities, health awareness, entrepreneurship, legal aid, counseling services, childcare9 services and financial management. A study in this regard was conducted in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.Two regional newspapers and two English newspapers were selected for the study. Prominent newspapers only publish 5% of women related issues and 8% are published on main page and remaining are placed inside. Study showed no importance is given to development issues of women. In the television serials women are the central characters, but they are portrayed largely as tormentors or the victims while the men very often take sideline and just seem caught in a web of unfavourable circumstances. Television culture has portrayed a breed of weak, indecisive men ensnared by sexy women when in reality men also play an active role in oppressing women in various ways including subjecting them to physical assault, rape, pushing them into the sex trade and even abandoning them. It is only desirable that serials should be close to reality and give message to the viewers where and how the society is going wrong.This portrayal of women in media has led the National military commission for Women to recommend amendment in the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition Act), 1986. The NCW wants to include new technologie s like MMS and the electronic media and some which were left out side the ambit of the Act like posters and TV serials which perpetuate stereotypes of women. Explaining the reason for including soaps in proposed amendment in the Act, National Commission for Women has stated that women are either being portrayed as Sita (Ramayana) or as Kaikayee (Ramayana) and there seems to be nothing in between the two extreme characters being shown in Soaps. Divorces, adultery are highlighted frequently in Soaps where characters break the law without repercussion.Negative images or just portraying reality is not enough. Infact, it can often be harmful. It has been observed that sheer duplication of the dark side of life can often lead to apathy and passivity. This can be avoided by10 enactment the positive images or success stories of women in whatever sphere they happen.There is need to produce programmes that talk about income generating schemes for women. Unfortunately, in these kinds of ventu res typical womanly jobs like papad-making, sewing, embroidery, pickles making etc. are propagated. Stress should be given on non-traditional skills which can break the myth that women are suited to certain kinds of jobs only. A magisterial survey of the existing schemes (Government/nonGovernment) and presentation of the analysis and changes needed to upgrade the schemes which would make them more purposeful is essential. The distance between women and media not only deprives the women of their right to information and knowledge but also keeps the women in the dark regarding the blatant misuse of the female and the distortion of the loyalty.Although the images of women as reflected by the different mass media in the country are not very different, it will be an interesting exercise to study how these images feed and reinforce the stereotypes. The distortion of realities by the media has increased the gap of understanding between the different sections of society. Effective informa tive communication is one of the most important channels for the growth and development of women in the informal or unorganized sector, as without information regarding services and benefits available through legislation, government schemes, banks and voluntary organizations, women can hardly take advantage of them. Thus the media should take into consideration the following points.(i) The media must project the working women in the unorganized sector as worker and not merely as performing the duties of wife/daughter. They being major earners, they must be projected as producers and not merely consumers.11(ii) The media should make deliberate attempts to not only project the problems of women in poverty, but should monitor in such a way that conflicting role models are not depicted, nor derogatory references to their work are made.(iii) To improve content and coverage, coordinated efforts for increased interaction between NGOs, womens social action group, research organizations, in stitutes of mass communication, and the media personnel should be developed.There are quite a few Reports findings on the complex issues relating to women empowerment. Very often the media come up with study on women related subjects which more often than not are driven by market forces. One study claims that women prefer men with hybrid cars while another says women are genetically devised to shop. Then there is a study which says women are more attracted to bad boy types. This reveals that women have become new research subject mostly in less significant areas. In fact, research is necessary to understand women in its potentiality to usher in a new era. It is difficult to distinguish between genuine research and studies that are gimmicks more so when news reports do not identify where these studies are coming from.A large proportion of the research findings published in major news outlets today is sensationally packaged to draw attention. This is where the media must step in to he lp readers to know relevant facts concerning women empowerment. It will be only appropriate if in the interests of full disclosure, they should make clear in their reports who was funding the study and which scientific journal published it. This information can help readers to decide for themselves which pieces of research are closer to the truth and which are not.Various studies were undertaken on the women and media to ascertain how the media portrays women and how the women related issues are presented, how much significance is given to them. Such study has revealed that issues pertaining12 to development of women are never accentuate adequately. Women are portrayed not for feminine beauty and artistic portrayal but for infusing sex appeal more often than not entering the subject field of obscenity. It is necessary to have dispassionate in-depth study by social activists and media to ascertain why obscenity has risen so much in media. Unless there is any change in the social pe rception of women, it will be difficult to curtail obscenity in media.Women Journalist in MediaIn such a rapidly changing environment, women in media have a large responsibility in not only changing attitude towards women but also establishment public opinion. With women holding responsible position in newspapers or electronic media, their competency should extend to a wider area and a range of issues. More importantly, a woman journalist is expected to show more sensitivity to issues relating to women and to more meaningful insights and perspectives.Like most professions, in the media too, women have struck out boldly, trouncing a path, which is both impressive and inspiring. The last five years have seen them pouring out into the mainstream, acquiring hitherto unattainable positions and proving their mettle, be it the print or the television media. In short, women have become indispensable in the field. Womens organizations and media groups must play an active role in promoting this change. It is heartening that a wide variety of womens media initiatives are making a positive impact.Women have been latecomers in media profession owing to social, religious taboos which operated as social sanctions. The employment of women in media assumes crucial importance at this juncture of our economic development. Beside Independent Public Corporation of Media (DDAIR),13 the private owners of TV channels with ownership of Terrestrial outlets and satellite up linking facilities in country itself have flourished. This has brought a boom in employment thereby increasing the percentage of women media professionals.The rough estimates however show that although the number of women in both the media has increased in absolute terms, their ratio to men has more or less remained static. A deliberate policy for ensuring adequate representation of women both in the public and private sectors of the media is therefore a must, not only for giving women a source of livelihood but al so to ensure their adequate and effective representation, and to make the media truly national and representative in character.A significant number of women journalists are very successful in magazines dealing with various problems of women and child. With sensitivity and skill for analyzing events in depth, issues such as women abuse and exploitation, harassment of women at workplace and the trauma of HIV infected women, female infanticide in rural areas find a prominent place in such magazines. The magazines deal with the issues more in depth compared to newspapers and women are considered competent to handle such stories. As per a study in the NCR there are around 900 women journalists and even in cities like Chennai the number is impressive 200. Journalism is no more a male domain.This new trend has also led to a change in the portrayal of women in the media in general and newspaper in particular. It will not be out of context to mention here the success of Khabar Lahariya. A gr oup of eight women belonging to backward class bring out this paper from the Bundelkhand region. This paper which is being funded by an NGO was started with an aim to encourage women to fight for their own rights. such kind of initiative are required in every nook and corner of our country, so as to empower the women at grass root level.The risks women in the media face, both in the urban and rural areas, have also to be seriously considered. As we move down, from the14 metropolitan towns and the state capitals, the risks increase. At the district and taluk levels, from where the bulk of the print media is published, and which are more news-worthy places for the local and regional news contents, there is more conservation, more rigid social outlook and greater resistance to social change and new trends. In these areas women join new professions like journalism sparingly. In remoter rural areas a woman journalist and particularly a reporter is a novelty not easily accepted and assimi lated in the social milieu.The result is media women have to work almost in isolation particularly at the ground levels, if they are at all employed. The cases of sexual assault and harassment of women reporters are very often reported. Women in such cases have to take a calculated risk in joining the profession. comic hours of job make the women journalists vulnerable. Recent murder of Ms. Soumya Vishwanathan, Producer of News TV channel in Delhi shows women journalist workers are more exposed to the risk of physical assault, even their life.It is noticed that more and more young graduates are joining the journalism degree and diploma courses, with an ambition to make a mark in the profession, and quite a good proportion of them are girls. With the rapid expansion, almost a proliferation of the electronic media through satellite channels, with the popularity of the FM on the radio and with the growth of the print media, notwithstanding the electronic media, now there is a good sco pe for absorption of both men and women qualified journalists in various media outlets. Women, young and old, are prepared to weather the risks. The society, therefore, must make arrangements to provide adequate security to the vulnerable section of women in the media to promote their participation at all levels.I find extremely appropriate here to refer to the recommendations made by the Joshi Committee regarding positive portrayal of women on Doordarshan. But these recommendations are equally relevant to all form of media. These recommendations, if followed in letter and spirit would certainly 15 go in long way in enhancement of womens empowerment and facilitate drastic reduction in cultural biases as well as gender biases. They are 1. The womens issue one of the result significance to the country as a whole and there is need for a widespread understanding that the nation cannot progress, as long as women are left behind as the lesser half of society.Therefore, the improvement of womens conditions, status and image must be defined to be a major objective for media channels. 2. The Government must at the earliest formulate clear guidelines regarding the positive portrayal of women on television. This portrayal must take note of women in all facts of their lives as workers and significant contributions to family survival and the national economy it must further endeavour to integrate women on terms of equality in all sectors of national life and the development process. These guidelines must emphasis that the womens dimension must from an integral part of all programmes and not be merely curb to Womens Programmes, nor to isolated attempts to discuss womens issues.3. The number of commercial formula films screened must be drastically reduced, the cheap song-and-dance sequence totally eliminated and the content of such programmes carefully scrutinized in terms of their portrayal of women.4. Women must not be portrayed in stereotyped images that emphasis passiv e, submissive qualities and encourage them to play a subordinate secondary role in the family and society. Both men and women should be portrayed in ways that encourage mutual respect and a spirit of give and take between the sexes.5. The foreign exchange resource should be spent on importing worthwhile educative programmes, particularly those that show the roles, lives and struggles of women in neighbouring and other Third World countries so that a greater understanding and a shared perspective on problems is built. 166. It is necessary to ensure that a large number of rural women gain access to TV. Therefore, in the placement of community TV sets preference should be given to the meeting place of Mandals Mahila Mandals should also be involved in the community viewing arrangement.Everywhere the media has the potential to make a far greater contribution to the advancement of women. They can create self-regulatory mechanisms that can help to eliminate misleading and improper gender b ased programming.Media, which wields immense power in a democracy a power which is only expanding and not diminishing, needs carrying out a focused attention about women- related issues and the portrayal of women. It is, perhaps, necessary that the stabilizing force of women must be brought syndicate to the Indian people. In every family and society, there is an ethical and spiritual space, which has been traditionally dominated by women. The principal character in Bernard Shaws Pygmalion bemoans, why cant woman be like man The media can play a salutary and a liberating role to give to the women the distinctive and the exclusive space, which must belong to them to enable them to generate the ethical and moralizing impulses for the entire society.The subject Women and Media is quite relevant in the present day context. From this platform the discussion on the subject is being initiated. The debate on this issue is being proposed to be discussed at the State level and the Press Coun cil is keen that seminars and workshops on this subject are organised at different States and at different levels. I sincerely hope that this initiative will be fruitful. Let this beginning be fortunate (Aiomaramba Subhaya Bhabatu).