Health Priorities in Australia free essay sample

1. Using measures of epidemiology, investigate the health status of Australians. Health status is a holistic concept that is determined by more than the presence or absence of any disease. It is often summarised by life expectancy or self-assessed health status, and more broadly includes measures of functioning, physical illness, and mental wellbeing. Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes. The measures of epidemiology are: Mortality- refers to the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time. Infant Mortality- refers to the number of infant deaths in the first year of life, per 1,000 live births. Morbidity- is the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population. Life Expectancy- is the length of time a person can expect to live. More specifically, it refers to the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age, based on current death rates. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Priorities in Australia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Australia, the median age of death among the entire population in 2007 was 80.5 years old. In 2011 that statistic had risen to 81.5 years old, an increase of one year to the average life. In both years the leading cause of death among Australians was circulatory diseases (diseases of the heart and blood vessels) and the second leading cause in both years was cancer. Although the percentage of cancer deaths rose from 29.2% proportion of totals deaths to 29.8% and the percentage of circulatory disease deaths dropped from 33.8% of the populations deaths down to 31%. In the past 100 years the infant mortality rate as decreased by 95%, from more than one in ten deaths in the first year of life (100+ deaths per 1000 live births) to one in 200 deaths in the first year of life (5 deaths per 100 live births). This can be attributed to improved health education, public sanitation, improved medical diagnosis and improved support services for parents and new born babies. Most infant mortalities are caused by congenital malformations which are structural or functional anomalies which are present at the birth of a child, preventative causes of this disease are  improving the diet of women through their reproductive years, avoiding exposure to harsh environmental substances and improving vaccinations and health education. Information about the incidence and prevalence of the total population gives a broader perspective on the nation’s health than just the mortality statistics. Australia’s population has a lowering incidence of asthma and rising survival rate of cancer although since 1984 the incidence of five major cancers has risen (Breast, Prostrate, Melanoma, Colorectal and Lung) and a report from SMH in 2008 shows 7.4 million people are overweight or obese and the prevalence of diabetes climbs rapidly, along with these problems the amount of people affected by STI’s has risen to more than 230 per 100,000 people. According to AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) Australia is one of the healthiest nations in the world although Indigenous Australians lag behind in their health status. Australians live the second longest lives in world, behind Japan. The average Australian citizen will live to be 81.4 years old. And trends indicate that the expectancy of males and females is growing, since 2000 the life expectancy of males has grown from 77.4 years old to 79.7 years old, an increase of 2.3 years. The life expectancy of females since 2000 has grown from 82.6 up to 84.2, an increase of 1.6 years. This increase in the life expectancy of Australian residents indicates that their health is improving, with the help of increased knowledge and improved health services. Taking all of this information into account, using measures of epidemiology, the health status of Australians can be said to be relatively good compared with that of other nations. The improved health services and new discoveries in the health sector along with increased knowledge about health from the population also indicates that the health status of Australians may be improving. 2. Explain how health promotion, based on the Ottawa Charter, reflects social justice principles. Health promotion is a combination of science, medicine, practical skills and beliefs aimed at maintaining and improving the health of all people. The Ottawa Charter for health promotion promotes social justice as it incorporates the idea of giving all members of  the community access to health services and attempts to rule out inequities in differing communities. The Ottawa Charter does this through its five action areas: Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. All five of these action areas provide a building block for health promotions. The four principles of social justice are: Equity, Access, Participation and Rights. The way equity is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter is through the action areas Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as these three areas bring together people onto an equal level and give specific help to those who need it, creating equity in communities. Access is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter t hrough the action area Reorient Health Services, as this area of the charter aims to bring together health services, governing bodies and other health professionals in an attempt to give more adequate access to health services to those who need it. Also reflected is Participation, which can be based on the Ottawa Charter action areas through Building Healthy Public Policy, Strengthen Community Action and Develop Personal Skills. This can be known as empowering the communities and bringing the communities the education and information needed to know more about their own health. Lastly, Rights is reflected in health promotion through the action areas Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as they attempt to give equitable opportunities for good health to all individuals. With these four social justice principles reflected in health promotion, the overall health of Australia can be improved, examples of this include: ‘Quit for you Quit for two’ which promotes to pregnant women who smoke, who if they ceased their habit would be creating a more equal life for their expectant child and give them the right for an opportunity to good health. Another example would be the ‘Swap it’ campaign which aims at developing personal skills while creating equity through smart food choices. 3. Critically analyse how the action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australia’s health priorities through ONE health promotion initiative. â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† Campaign by the Cancer Council of Australia was created in 1980 and revolved around Sid the Seagull who gave a constant reminder of the easy ways that the population of Australia would be able to avoid skin cancer; slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat. 27 year later the ad was upgraded to include; seek shade and slide on sunnies, thus creating the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† song. The campaign aims to lower the prevalence and incidence of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australia’s health priorities through this campaign. The action areas are: Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. Building Healthy Public Policy- Policies have been created due to increased awareness attributed to the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† campaign; a commonly known policy would be the â€Å"No Hat, No Play† policy used in schools. This is used by teachers to protect children from skin cancer risks in the playground. Advantages of this would be that children will be increasingly protected and parents are given peace of mind, and no noticeable disadvantages are created by this policy. Create Supportive Environments- A noticeable environment change caused by the increased awareness of skin cancers would the addition of shaded areas to many public places. This creates an environment for the public population that is protected from harmful Ultraviolet sun rays. An advantage of this are that people can be outside but protected from skin cancer risks while a disadvantage would be that most of these shaded areas come at the expense of nature, eg- destruction of trees and/or other natural features. Strengthen Community Action- Two initiatives related to the ‘Slip Slop Slap† would be the introduction of Cancer Centres to many rural areas and the Relay for Life, which is about raising funds for the Cancer Council. These two initiatives can create awareness of skin cancer, while the former can save lives. Only advantages are created by these two initiatives, which are; increased knowledge, funds gained for research and practical use, the ability to detect cancers and save lives. Develop Personal Skills- The campaign of â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† uses a jingle to educate the Australian population. The TV ad itself is an educational video, which creates awareness of skin cancers in Australia. This leads to increased knowledge of how to protect yourself and others from skin cancers. An advantage of this is that the Australian public is being educated in their own home by the TV, although a disadvantage is that they do not know that  they are being directly educated. Reorient Health Services- A health service which has become operational due to increased awareness of skin cancers is the Skin Cancer @ Bondi checks, where on the beach at Bondi you can have a skin cancer check. This leads to a safer beach, as beachgoers can be precautious and have a skin cancer check. Advantages of this are that the population can be on the beach and get their skin checked at the same time as well as not have to book into a skin cancer centre for the check. A disadvantage may be that the check may not be a thorough as one performed in a more professional environment. Overall, the introduction of the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap† campaign and the readjustment to â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slid e† campaign has increased the awareness and knowledge of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter are relevant to the campaign and Australia’s health priorities.

HTML

HTML HTML HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the backbone of the Internet. Although it's very limited in many ways, it is the framework that delivers programs written in much more powerful languages, such as Java and Perl. One of HTML's main benefits is that it is a cross-platform language, usable in PC, Mac, UNIX, and elsewhere. However, different browsers, such as Netscape and Internet Explorer, have different HTML standards, resulting in certain commands that will work in one browser and be disabled in another.For the most part, HTML is a simple, straightforward language. Anyone working with HTML documents should be aware of the basic commands and structure of the language, and how to pick out display text from commands. There are many books and websites that teach HTML; see below for a short list of good ones. However, certain elements of HTML are controversial or confusing and need some clarification as to their uses and drawbacks.English: Poland 1917 Essay by Edmund Bartlomiejczy.. .

Deferred Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Deferred Taxation - Essay Example Such differences only impact on the taxation computation of one period. Deferral method is where the tax effects of current timing differences are deferred and allocated to future periods when the timing differences reverse. Since deferred tax balances in the balance sheet are not considered to represent rights to receive or obligations to pay money, they are not adjusted to reflect changes in the tax rate or the imposition of new taxes. Under the deferral method, the tax expense for a period comprises of provision for taxes payable and the tax effects of timing differences deferred to or from other periods. Liability Method is where the expected tax effects of current timing differences are determined and reported either as liabilities for taxes payable in the future or as assets representing advance payment of future taxes. Deferred tax balances are adjusted for changes in the tax rate or for new taxes imposed. The balances may also be adjusted for expected future changes in tax rates. Under the liability method, the tax expense for a period comprises of the provision for taxes payable, the amount of taxes expected to be payable or considered to be prepaid in respect of timing differences originating or reversing in the current period and the adjustments to deferred tax balances in the balance sheet necessary to reflect either a change in the tax rate or the imposition of new taxes. 3. Nil provision, partial provision and full provision Nil provision is where no provisions are made for deferred tax whatever the circumstances. This is based on the principal that only the tax that is deemed to be payable in respect of a period should be accounted for in the financial statements. Full provision is where the tax effects of all timing differences are recognized as and when they arise. Although this method is arithmetically accurate it can lead to the building up of large meaningless provisions in the balance sheet. Partial provision lies between the two extremes stated above. Deferred tax should be accounted for in respect of the net amount by which it is probable that any payment of tax will be temporarily deferred by the operation of timing differenced, which will reverse in the foreseeable future without being replaced. 4. Discounting Discounting deferred tax assets and liabilities enables to reflect the time value of money. IAS 12 does not permit discounting due to the difficulty in ascertaining the timing of reversal of each temporary difference B) Critically assess the current IAS 12 requirements for accounting for deferred tax Deferred tax is an accounting term, meaning future tax liability or asset, resulting from temporary differences between book (accounting) value of assets and liabilities, and their tax value. This arises due to differences between accounting for shareholders and tax accounting. Deferred tax arises when the actual tax as a result of a particular transaction (tax payable or recoverable) arises in a different period from the period in which the transaction is included in the financial statements. The provision for taxes payable is calculated in accordance with rules for determining taxable income established by taxation authorities. In many circumstances these rules differ from the accounting policies applied to determine accounting income. The effect of this

The Marlin Firearms Company marketing profile Essay

The Marlin Firearms Company marketing profile - Essay Example The Company currently sells nine major firearms, has historically produced many different types of firearms, and has evolved its marketing strategies to better reflect the attitudes and beliefs of today's buyers all over the world The various marketing objectives for the company have altered over the course of its existence and currently are reflecting the values of a large group of consumers who want specific products.The Marlin Firearms Company specializes in small arms manufacture and accessories. Originally, consumer appreciation of these products came from their basic differences from other firearms like those produced by large companies like Winchester (Marlin online, "The history of Marlin Firearms"). The machine guns produced by the company in the early 20th century were used en mass by soldiers during the First World War, but now the company has focused its production and marketing to smaller handguns and rifles that are used by homeowners and hunters. Communicative objectiv es for Marlin concerning their products are that these firearms are not, as in the past, for large scale warfare but for protection, collection and hunting expeditions. These are values the company realizes its customers hold highly and by focusing the range of products onto these values, Marlin is known for personal, acceptable manufacture of firearms.Marlin products are promoted on the basis that every customer has his or her own target in mind: whether it is actual target practice, small game, large game, deer, bears or random varmints, Marlin has a shotgun or rifle to get the job done. The premise of this promotional strategy is "Find Your Target" (Brophy 1989), and whether shopping online or speaking with a local dealer, customers can discover which guns suit their needs and skill levels. Along with the guns themselves, Marlin promotes an entire line of accessories such as hats, gun slings, books and knives to accompany the hunting lifestyle. In particular, marketing is focused on Americans who have often grown up with parents or grandparents who hunted, and who want to continue what they view as a traditionally way of life. Marlin markets itself as "America's Favorite Riflemaker" (ibid.), a title that speaks for itself in terms of advertising. There is a large pull in the American market for hunting gear simply so that Americans can embrace this kind of lifestyle; Marlin caters to the existing market by advertising products specific to the purpose consumers have in mind. Promotional Budget The Marlin Firearm Company makes an estimated $28 300 000 annually in profit; it employs more than 575 people and is able to allocate up to 70% of revenue directly to marketing strategies (Manta online and Brophy 1989). This money is divided between the publishing of the sales catalogue, the upkeep of the website and advertising campaigns in many related publications. With the bulk of the budget being spent on various sponsorships in arms-related publications, Marlin spends relatively little on the maintenance on the website that accounts for a large portion of their income. The online catalogue and sales pitches found on the Marlin Firearms website are the most efficient way to advertise and make direct sales to customers who find the company through a simple keyword search. Media Strategies The Marlin Firearms Company has been a big part of the American firearm industry for some time now; despite this foundational image the company ensures that its name persists with constant sponsorship and event collaboration. The production of the company's own catalogue goes a long way to presenting Marlin products to the public,

The Vietnam War and its Effect on American Society Essay Example for Free

The Vietnam War and its Effect on American Society Essay The Vietnam War was started by President Eisenhower. He was the first to involve the United States in the conflict between North and South Vietnam, by putting in CIA operatives and military advisors in South Vietnam (ushistory). The USs involvement grew with every passing president. President Kennedy was the first to put soldiers in Vietnam. Johnson orders the first official combat of the United States soldiers. Finally, the war ended after eighteen years after it was declared by President Richard Nixon. The war had a lasting effect on all parties involved. The US lost its first war, the objective of stopping communism from spreading failed. The war was also the first that the people and soldiers couldnt look back on with pride of a sense of accomplishment (Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). Due to the government’s secrecy and over reach of power, a distrust of the United States government, as an institution, grew that still exists today. The fall out of the war had massive, negative impacts on south East Asian countries. More countries would fall to communism. The devastation of the war caused economic repercussions that still effect countries today. Not only did the war cause lasting damage multiple countries, but it allowed situations that caused the death, slaughter, and starvation of millions in the years following the war (sparknotes). The Vietnam War was started based on the Domino Theory. This theory was adopted by President Eisenhower; it concisely stated that if South Vietnam fell to communism, many other South East Asia countries would become more accepting of communism and eventually adopt it (vietnamawbb 1). â€Å"If Indochina falls, Thailand is put in an almost impossible position. The same is true of Malaya with its rubber and tin. The same is true of Indonesia. If this whole part of South East Asia goes under Communist domination or Communist influence, Japan, who trades and must trade with this area in order to exist must inevitably be oriented towards the Communist regime† (vietnamawbb 1) The Domino effect was the driving force for the Vietnam  War. With the end of World War II, the USSR was the greatest threat to Democracy and Capitalism. Vietnam, being in a centralized location, allowed many of the trade routes of South East Asian countries to pass through it. Many traders would have to come into contact with the political and economic structure within Vietnam, and through this eventually communism as a form of government would have to be accepted. The involvement of the United States lead more counties fall to communism. If the United States had not been so reckless with its military investment less countries would have turned to communist governments. The United States was the first domino in the South East Asian countries establishing communistic governments. American leadership viewed communism as an economic and legal philosophy that destroys justice and enslaves men (Nixon 1). This perception, along with the military threats that the communist countries posed at the time, made communism the enemy of freedom and Democracy. The people of the United States had always fought for freedom: The Revolutionary War, The Civil War, World War I, and World War II. Now the world saw the new face of oppression, Communism. That drove the people and the politicians to purposely involve themselves in the Vietnam conflict. The eighteen year war was a complete and utter failure. It cost the American people billions of dollars, almost 60,000 Americans lives and hundred thousands more were injured. The war did not accomplish what it was supposed to do, the objective, stopping communism spreading to South Vietnam, was not achieved. Within two years of the United States ending its military involvement the north took over the south and annexed it forming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (ushistory 1). In fact, due to the desperate measures that the US took to try and rout the enemy caused, neighboring countries, Laos and Cambodia to fall to Communism. In March of 1969 the United States started a carpet bombing campaign that would last four years. Authorized by President Nixon the operation was kept secret from congress and the American people. Along with the bombing campaign the US also invaded both Laos and Cambodia. The goal of both operations was to disrupt supply lines that aided North Vietnam. In 1973, the carpet bombing campaign became public knowledge and was stopped due to public opinion. This massive bombing displaced almost thirty percent of the populations from both countries,  causing massive instability of the governments there (rabble 1). Through the USs involvement in those countries, communist government were established. Only through the USs bombing campaign and invasion were the communist rebels were able to take over the weakened governments. Another failure and another domino falling because of the United States. A Large Part of the Vietnam War that cause a major change in American society was the discovery and recognition of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and the physical disabilities that many soldiers received during the war. It begins with an event in which the individual is threatened with his or her own death or the destruction of a body part, to such humiliation that their personal identity may be lost.(Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). This is the definition of the traumatic event that causes PTSD. Symptoms include feeling: helplessness, worthlessness, dejection, anger, depression, insomnia, and a tendency to react to tense situations by using survival tactics (Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). PTSD wasnt identified until the 80s (Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). When thousands of Vietnam veterans were reporting the same symptoms. The effects of PTSD usually dont appear until about a year after the traumatic experience, this along with a limited understanding of the human psyche, made it easy for the government to disregard PTSD (Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). The governments disregard for the veterans mental health caused resentment toward the Government, for using them and then not taking care of them after the war. In Vietnam, not only were psychological problems but physical problems like, the massive drug problem among the soldiers. At the start of the war Marijuana was widely used and the soldiers first choice. Then the media found out that drugs were in mass usage in the United States military, the government quickly banned the smoking to marijuana to stop the bad press that came from the drug. Soon after, many soldiers turned to heroin for their fix. This switch was enjoyed by many soldiers because of the different effects of the drugs marijuana slowed down the perception of time, heroin sped up the perception of time. The drugs and alcohol in Vietnam were so inexpensive that they were easily taken to try and forget the horrors that they saw on the battlefield (Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). But with the return of the soldiers to the United States, many had addictions that were exponentially harder to maintain because of the stricter drugs laws in the  US. Most veterans were still too young to buy alcohol in the United States. One of the worst things by far that came from the many publicized addiction employers used serving Vietnam as evidence of a drug addiction, and were refused employment (Hochgesang, Lawyer, Stevenson 1). The movement against the Vietnam War did become widely popularized until 1965 (History 1). Contrary to what many people believe before 1965, there was wide spread support of the war. Only two congressmen voted against president Johnson waging war against north Vietnam (ushistory 1). The student lead protests had the most support during 1968 after a successful North offensive. Over 40,000 men were forced into service each month, through the governments usage of the draft (history 1). This only cause less and less support for the war form the people. The Tet Offensive in January of 1968 was a serious blow to US moral. By February of 1968 only thirty five percent approved of the war and fifty percent actively disapproved of it. Many war veterans joined in the anti-war protest (history 1). As more and more people joined in protest, and more and more information was revealed about the war crimes and horrors that happened in Vietnam, support for the war rapidly decreased until President Nixon announced the end to the USs involvement in the conflict (history 1). The amount of protests that ended in violence and deaths of protesters caused approval of the government to plummet. The United States hiding operations from the American people, like the bombing and invasion of Laos and Cambodia, cause an ingrained distrust of the government in issues like transparences and being morally just that has lasted decades. Over all, the Vietnam war was a failure for United States. The government failed to secure public support of the war after, their promises of a quick war fell short. Not only did they not secure it, they lost support of the American people in the later years of the conlict. The American government made an entire generation of veterans feel like they were tools to be used and thrown away. The Government did not recognize a massive disorder that thousands to veterans got during the war. They lost the trust of generations. The War also cost tens of thousands American lives and destroyed Millions more after the US left the conflict. The wars objective also failed, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia all established communist government in the years following the war. The Vietnam War was an overall failure and disappointment that still effects people today.

Law of equity emerged

Law of equity emerged The law of equity emerged to mitigate the severity of the rules of common law . Instead of simply replacing or adding to the common law, equity grew up as a separate branch of jurisprudence, leading to a system of common law dualism The reasons for the creation of equity firstly, and secondly its distinction from the common law go back to the thirteenth century. Briefly, the law of equity developed due to the inflexibility of the common law . Claimants would only have a successful claim if the claim could be matched with an existing writ. Thus petitions for remedies were made to the King, which were in time delegated to the Chancellor, which in time was taken over by the Chancery, which was seen as separate to the common law courts. Equity thus became a kind of supplementary jurisprudence which was intended to fill up the gaps in common law Equity and common law worked separately, administered by different courts until the Judicature Act fused the different courts of equity and the common law, so that a claimant could go to a court and and have both equity and common law available to him, instead of having the two separate courts. However despite being merged in administration, the two streams of jurisdictiondid not mingle their waters , meaning that the rules and principles from equity and common law still exist separately as they did before, but are now applied by, and are available to all courts. If ever a dispute between law and equity arose, the rules of equity shall prevail , this rule is to ensure that equity actually has an application when its used to supplement the common law. Ashburners quote is proven by the trust, in which English law still draws a fundamental distinction between legal and equitable rights The trust refers to the duty or aggregate accumulation of obligations that rest upon a person described as trustee . The trustee is bound to hold the land on behalf of a beneficiary, and thus under the common law the land belongs to the trustee, equity would hold that it belongs to the beneficiary. Equity supplements but does not contradict the common law according to Lord Templeman. This issue is a source of lucrative debate, with most agreeing with Lord Templeman, but some argue that equity is contradictory in nature, Worthington suggests that because equity was applied where common law was inadequate, it follows that equitys rule would have to be different than those of the common law, which would naturally lead to conflict and contradiction . Following the Judicature Acts the debate over the nature of equity became more important, with both systems being at a judges disposal they could be conflicting than ever. Using the trust as an example, the classic point thought to be a contradiction between common law and equity is where A (trustee) is the owner in law, and B (beneficiary) is the owner in equiry. Hohfeld is one academic who believes that equity is contradictory. The example used by him is firstly to imagine what the state of things were like without equity. B would ask A told hold the land on his (Bs) behalf, however A, under common law has no obligation to do anything, A is now owner of the land and can do with it as he pleases. Similarly B has no rights over the land, he does not even have a right to be on the land. Hohfeld then goes on to imagine Parliament enacting a statute that states that A, on holding the land for B is under a duty to hold the land for Bs benefit and to not do as he pleases with it. Hohfeld states that this statute conflicts, substantively, with the common law rules, and repealed them . Thus in extending this analogy to the modern trust and equity, Hohfeld hop e to show that equity and the trust are contradictory to the common law. However Hohfeld is assuming that because equity reacts differently to a trust than common law does there is a contradiction, this is a misunderstanding of what equity is trying to achieve, which is a supplement to the common law which is not necessarily a contradiction. Equity builds upon the common law to improve it. So A must own the property in common law in order that he can fulfil Bs wishes and to protect his interests in it. B being see as the owner in equity has his superior interest in the property secured. Equity and common law are working together, proving why Maitland describes the trust as the greatest and most distinctive achievementin the field of jurisprudence Maitland disagrees with the idea of having two owners of the land, He stated that if A and B were both owners, there would be civil war and utter anarchy and there would be the contradiction that Hohfeld spoke of. According to Maitland equity never said that the cestui que trust was the owner of the land, it said that the trustee was the owner of the land but with the added burden of holding the land for the beneficiarys benefit. Furthermore if there was a contradiction here Maitland points out that the Judicature Act would have abolished the trust. Hohfeld seemed to see equity as a rival system to the common law, which we ought not to do says Maitland. Equity is more of a parasitic system, it needs the common law to survive as alone it is nothing as its doctrines and rules build upon the pre-existing common law. To take Maitlands example, if equity were to be abolished, the common law would stand up fine on its own, however if the common law were abolished, there would be anarchy. Equity was not a self-sufficient system at every point it presupposed the existence of common law. Equity does not act contrary to the common law and does not go against it, it works with it to create a more just system. In conclusion Maitland is right when he says that equity is supplementary. Equity should be seen as an addition to the common law, an added extra. The rules of equity with regards to the trust do not say that the common law is wrong, instead it adds rules on, rules that only exist within equity, so the existing common law rules can stand. With the example of a trust, the common law says A is the owner, and in equity agrees with this, but adds the fact that A must hold the property on behalf of B. Without the common law the idea of a trust would disappear completely if A could not be the owner of the land at law, or else he would not be able to fulfil his duty as trustee on the beneficiarys behalf. . Without the intervention of the trust the common law alone would allow A to do anything with the land B asked him to hold, a truly unsatisfactory and unfair outcome, equity mitigates this harshness, by building on it, it does not contradict it by creating a antithetical system.

Explain the Hardware, Software and Peripheral Components of a Computer System and the Functional Relation Between These Components

Explain the hardware, software and peripheral components of a computer system and the functional relation between these components. Fig: functions of the operating systems (1) 1-Hardware Hardware consists of physical equipment of the computer. We distinguish equipment within the Case such as: Power supply: it is the equipment that receives electricity from a DC current and converts it to a alternative current AC for the needs of the computer. The power supply may depends on the motherboard of the computer because the wattage varies depends on other equipment inside the computer. Fig 3: power supply (4) The motherboard: it is the main equipment of the computer. On it are stored and connected every other equipment. The motherboard is the central piece of the computer. We have many others components installed on the motherboards such as microprocessor, RAM, controller†¦ Fig 4: the motherboard (5) Microprocessor: it is the brain of the computer. it means that all the operation on the computer are made by the microprocessor. It is also known as CPU (central processing Unit). it can be measured in megahertz (MHz) or in Gigahertz depending of computer. he performance of the microprocessor is so important that it is essential to any customer to be aware of the number of calculations it can perform before buying a computer [23]. for example, Dell Optiplex 990 works with Intel Core i3 2100 (3. 1GHz). Fig 5: microprocessor (6) RAM: it is Random access memory. its role is to store instructions or data for a possible processing and its storage is temporally. it hold s a list of instructions of an information that is currently working. it can be accessed randomly, it means that it does not have to look in the storage device (hard disk) from the start to find a piece of interest [23]. When we switch off the computer any storage within the RAM, will be erased that is why we say the storage is temporally. RAM is the main memory because we can quickly access any files in the hard disk. Fig 6: RAM (7) ROM: it stands for read only memory. ROM differs from RAM in two ways: first it is not changed or erased after the computer is assembled, you can read it but cannot write on it, and second it remains unchanged even after the computer is turned off. [23] Fig:19 ROM [22] Hard disk: it is the component where data, files, operating systems are saved. t stored large amount of data depending on its size. the records stored are not volatile as in the RAM, but it remains until it is changed or deleted. it is measured in bytes. today we noticed that computer are almost hard disk capacity of 40 gigabytes. this performance of the disk capacity is one of the main measure when we are buying a computer. [23] Fig 7: the hard disk (8) Drive controllers: its role is to control data trans fer to and from the hard disk. it is a circuits that allows the CPU to communicate with the hard disk and the other kind of disk drive. or example the controller talks to the keyboard and to the mouse to enable the CPU to read information from them(2). we have drive controller such as IDE(integrated drive electronic) and SCSI (small computer systems interface) Fig 8:drive controllers (9) CD-ROM Drive: we use this drive to play and read CD-ROM (DISK COMPACT Read only memory) in the computer. we can also play audio CD. a typical capacity of the CD ROM is about 650 megabytes. they are now being overtaken by DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) because of their large capacity storage up to 3. 9 gigabytes. [23] Fig 9: CD ROM drive(10) Floppy drive: we use this drive to save or read data in a floppy disk. a floppy disk is a small and removable storage devices that record data in square plastic jacket. fig 10: floppy disk drive (11) 2- Software The computer software are programs that controls the computer hardware. They command the hardware and tell them what to do and how to do it. We have many kinds of software: operating systems software, application software, and drivers. Operating systems: it is a program that controls and manages the computer in every task. it controls the input and the output of the computer such as disk drives or scanner. Two of the main features of the operating systems are: -multi user: it means that two or more users can run programs at the same time, it is used particularly with mainframe and minicomputer (3) -multitasking: it means that it is able to execute more than one task at the same-time. For example we can play music in the computer and use the write a document in Microsoft word. We have many type of operating systems: -Windows (XP, VISTA, Windows 7†¦) -Mac OS X -Linux there are additional operating systems that we find on the computer. We called them systems tools of the computer. e use them for the routine maintenance. routine maintenance is different method we take to keep our computer safe and without problems. we have tools such as Disk defragmenter: it is a tool that we use to keep our computer running quickly and efficiently. it organizes and consolidates data on the hard disk, allowing the systems to run faster. we have to use it at least every week. [17] Disk cleanup: it is a tool that enables us to free space in the hard disk and improve the performance of the computer. we use it to remove and delete programs such as temporally internet files, or programs that we on’t use. [17] Backup, [17] Application software: they are programs designed to handle specific types of information and achieve useful results. We distinguish many kinds of application software: -word processing: in those applications we can create text documents. E. g. Microsoft word -database: in those applications we can create and edit data records. E. g. Filemarker pro -presentation graphics: we have the possibility to draw, create 2D and 3D graphics. E. g Corel Draw -media player: with those applications we can play Video, MP3, and other audio formats. E. g. QuickTime player It facts application software depends on platforms and operating systems. for example there are some applications that cannot work in Drivers: there is a program that controls a particular hardware device. Devices such as keyboard, monitor and printer are controls by a driver. Without those drivers the devices cannot function properly. 3-Peripheral components of the computer the peripheral components of the computer can be input or output devices such as: Monitor: it is a device made as a screen where information is represented. it is one of the most important peripheral components of the computer. Fig 11: monitor (12) Keyboard: it is a device that we use to write or enter data text into the computer. Fig 12: keyboard (13) Mouse: it can be defined as a device composed of one or many button that we used to select or to choose specific things through a pointer in a screen. fig 13: mouse(14) Printer: it is a device that we use to represent physically text or graphic data or information stored in the computer. We represent it through a paper. we have many kinds of printer: Dot matrix printer: it can print up to 200 characters per seconds; the print head is hammered very rapidly over the paper. Laser jet printer and ink jet printer. fig14: ink jet printer (15) Scanner: it is a input device used to scan or copy pictures, text to the computer. fig 15: scanner [16] Digital camera: it is a device that we use to record video. We can transfer our recorded video to our computer, and edit them, or email them to friends. fig 16: digital camera[19] Loudspeakers: we use these devices to play music or to use some application that involves sound hearing. fig 17: computer loudspeakers [20] Microphone: we use microphone to create or record a voice or a sound . ometimes we use it for communicating with friends via internet. [18] fig 18: computer microphone [21] References: 1-www. cisco. co. uk 2-http://encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com/Hard+drive+controller 3-http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/M/multi_user. html 4-http://trustcomputers. co. uk/index. php? main_page=index&cPath=2 5-http://www. teach-ict. com/gcse/hardware/parts/miniweb/motherboard. htm 6-http://www. cpu-world. com/CPUs/K10 /TYPE-Sempron. html 7-http://www. pcextreme. net/news/your-ram-check-it/ 8-http://www. novell. com/coolsolutions/appnote/16837. html 9-http://www. techarp. om/showarticle. aspx? artno=388&pgno=2 10- http://www. powersourceonline. com/buy-equipment/ibm-Parts/10K3782/31776879-10K3782-cy-en. jsa 11_http://www. darlingtoncomputerrepairs. co. uk/index. php? main_page=product_info&cPath=58_100&products_id=87 12- http://www. lcd-monitor-reviews. com/lcd-monitor-reviews/iiyama-AS4611UT-lcd-monitor-review. html 13- http://voices. canonical. com/joey. stanford/2007/11/ 14- http://www. tomshardware. com/reviews/microsoft-breeds-unique-mice,1554-2. html 15-http://www. inkandmedialtd. co. uk/blog/epson-r300-inkjet-printer-review/ 16-http://www. letsgodigital. rg/html/events/PHOTOKINA-2004/news/epson/PERFECTION-4180_en. html 17-http://www. microsoft. com/atwork/maintenance/speed. aspx 18-www. camcorderinfo. com/content/Glossary. htm 19-http://digital-cameras-planet. com/ 20-http://www. comparesto reprices. co. uk/Trust-computer-speakers-reviews. asp 21-http://www. custom-product. com/wholesale-items/662/714-1/computer-microphone-cm-9002-129285. html 22-http://www. novopc. com/2008/09/rom-read-only-memory/ 23- Brendan Munnelly, Paul Holden, 2000, ECDL3 the complete coursebook, Prentice Hall, Redacteurs Software Documentation Limited 2000

The Digestive System and the Urinary System

Man loves food and loves to eat. His appetite is always good and in some cases, he will eat food even if he is not hungry especially if the food is tasty. Of course, food has to get into the blood to be carried to the body’s cells. Only soluble food or food which has already been dissolved can do this. Most of the food we eat, however, is insoluble. Even if you grind it down finely, it still won’t dissolve. And so, to make use of it, our body has to break it down into chemicals which can dissolve.This breakdown is called digestion, and it takes place in the digestive system. After our body completely utilizes the food and its nutrients or minerals, it becomes waste and this waste should be removed. It is now the part or role of the urinary system to control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys. Understanding these two systems, working hand in hand, would further improve one’s appreciation of how our body functions. Our d igestive system is a tube with two openings and many specialized organs.It extends from the mouth of the anus and is also called the gastrointestinal tract. An interesting fact about the gastrointestinal tract is that while food or food residues are in it, technically the material is still outside the body. Nutrients don’t â€Å"officially† enter the body until they move from the space inside the digestive tube, its lumen, into the bloodstream. From beginning to end, mucus-coated epithelium lines surfaces facing the lumen. The thick, moist mucus protects the wall of the tube and enhances diffusion across its inner lining.When we eat, the food advances in one direction, following the major components of the human digestive system, from the mouth or oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and the large intestine or colon. The large intestine ends in the rectum, anal canal and anus. . If the complete digestive system of an adult human were fully stretche d out, it would extend 6. 5 to 9 meters or 21 to 30 feet; definitely one big tube. The mouth or the oral cavity is the entrance to the digestive system where the food is moistened and chewed. It can be said that the polysaccharide digestion starts in the mouth.The pharynx is the entrance to the tubular part of the system and to the respiratory system as well. It moves the food toward by contracting sequentially. On the other hand, the esophagus is the muscular, saliva-moistened tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach. The stomach is the muscular sac which stretches to store the food we take, faster than can be processed. Gastric fluid mixes with food and kills many pathogens. If the mouth is the place for polysaccharide digestion, the stomach is the place where protein digestion starts. It secretes grhelin.Grhelin is the appetite hormone which is responsible for those individuals who always want to eat. The small intestine on the other hand, has three parts. The first part of t he small intestine, namely the duodenum which is C-shaped and almost 10 inches long, receives secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder and liver. The second part, the jejunum which is almost three feet long, is the part of the small intestine where most nutrients are digested and absorbed. The third part is the ileum which is six to seven feet long and absorbs some nutrients and delivers unabsorbed material to large intestine.The large intestine concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions and water. The large intestine of the adult human is about five feet long and it is divided into ascending transverse and descending portions. The last two major components of the digestive system are the rectum and the anus. The rectum is the distension which stimulates expulsion of the feces while the anus is the end of the digestive system and has a terminal opening through which feces are expelled. (Smith and Morton, 2001). The other system, urinary system, consists onl y of the two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.The two kidneys are shaped like beans, with the indentation or hilum, which faces medially. The kidney contains both excretory and collecting elements in the form of epithelial tubes and cavities, which are separated and supported by connective tissue laced with blood vessels. The two ureters, urinary bladder and urethra are all collecting elements. The ureters carry the urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. A single urethra then carries the urine to the outside. We should be aware that the urethra is one component of the urinary system whose final development and location differ in the male and female.The ureters and urinary bladder are also lined with transitional epithelium. Surrounding this lining are thick walls formed by multiple layers of smooth muscle held together by connective tissue, particularly prominent in the urinary bladder. The urethra is lined by a combination of epithelial types, ranging f rom transitional to stratified squamous. The stratified squamous is the epithelium characteristic of structure close to or on the outside of the body (Premkumar, 2004). To sum the components and functions of the urinary system, the two kidneys produce urine while the ureters convey the urine to the urinary bladder.The urinary bladder in return stores the urine while the urethra transports the urine out of the body. The digestive system maintains the homeostasis in the human body through mechanical processing and motility, secretion, digestion, absorption and elimination. In mechanical processing and motility, movements of the various parts, such as teeth, tongue and muscle layers, break up, mix and propel the food material that we eat. In secretion, the digestive enzymes and other substances are released into the digestive tube.Digestion occurs when the food that we eat is chemically broken down into nutrient molecules until they become small enough to be absorbed. Following digesti on, of course, is absorption, where the digested nutrients and fluid pass across the tube wall and into blood or the lymph. Finally, elimination takes place when the undigested and unabsorbed residues are eliminated form the end of the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract. While the urinary system maintains homeostasis in the body by excreting and reabsorbing important electrolytes, compounds and water.Depending on the changes in the blood’s acid-base balance, the kidneys can either excrete bicarbonate or form new bicarbonate and add it to the blood. The necessary chemical reactions go on in the cells of the so called nephron tubule walls. For example, when the blood is too acid such as when we drink softdrinks or soda, water and carbon dioxide combine with the help of an enzyme. They form a compound called the carbonic acid that then can be broken into bicarbonate and H+. Then, the bicarbonate produced in the reactions moves into the interstitial fluid, and form there into peritubular capillaries.It ends up in the general circulation, where it buffers excess H+. H+ formed in the tubule cells is removed from the body. It is secreted into the nephron’s lumen, where it may combine with bicarbonate ions in the filtrate. Sadly for them, those ions can’t cross the tubule wall. But when bicarbonate is not available, the excess H+ combines with phosphate ions or ammonia and is excreted in the urine. This is how kidneys rid the body of hydrogen ions. On the other hand, when the blood is too alkaline, chemical adjustments in the kidneys normally ensure that less bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.Based on how the structure and function of two organ systems collaborate to maintain the body’s homeostasis, I think that a robot having a digestive system and urinary system exactly alike that of the humans is impossible. Robots can be used to cure or treat digestive or urinary system problems but robots having these systems seem impossible. More generally, robots are used to treat humans and help doctors in surgeries. This is evident in the use of robots in surgery or the so-called â€Å"Surgical Robotics† which is considered to be the â€Å"state of the art and future trend, especially towards autonomy† (Finlay, 2007).The examples of medical robot taxonomy are medical robots, surgical robotics, non-surgical robotics, image guided robots and multi-arm telemanipulators. They are also used in neurosurgery and there are new developments such as the developing strategic surgical robots and tactical surgical robots. On the contrary, robots may have a â€Å"digestive system or urinary system† that is similar or functions the same way as the digestive system or urinary system of humans, but not totally or exactly the same.If humans were to create robots with digestive systems of urinary systems, then that would be really difficult and the resulting project would be really complex. In addition to this, it would require us to develop sophisticated nanotechnology or use a lot of nanotechnology just to create one digestive system or one urinary system. After all, it is the body which secretes the enzymes or chemicals which conducts the bodily processes needed in the human body. A robot cannot simply produce the chemicals which are exactly the same as what our body creates or secretes.A hypothetical digestive and urinary system for a robot would look similar to the parts and processes that occur inside the automobiles. The gasoline is the robot’s food and the carburetor or the pistons are the teeth of the robot. An engine will serve as the stomach and in the case of a spark ignition engine, the spark will be similar to the chemicals or enzyme which the digestive system releases in order to digest or ignite the food. The gasoline which was not properly utilized or if incomplete combustion occurs, carbon dioxide or other gas emissions (similar to feces in the human body) will be released in the exhaust.

Conceptualisation Of The Project Tourism Essay Example

Conceptualisation Of The Project Tourism Essay Example Conceptualisation Of The Project Tourism Essay Conceptualisation Of The Project Tourism Essay Gross direction for a ballad adult male is merely a toothsome manner of stating how to do the greatest possible sum of money.A IncomeA direction isA somewhatA new fieldA actuallyA having much vigilanceA ofA investigatorsA and practicians. To acquire a just portion of the market 1 has to be unquestionableA adequate toA investigateA the informations and takeA fastA conclusionsA to acquire better output and theA responseA for this is yield management.A IncomeA disposal, A furthermoreA known as Output administrationA is a procedure ofA capabilityA guardedA industry to maximizeA earningsA by apportioning the right stock list to the right client at the right monetary value. A RevenueA administrationA is theA researchA and art of heightening firmA incomesA whileA tradingA vitally theA identicalA sum ofA merchandise.A American Airlines and delta Airlines were the firstA foremost users ofA incomeA administrationA beg hotelingA about 1985. The rule ofA incomeA administrationA in hotels isA distinct, A as tenancy rate additions and supply which means the roomA handiness diminutions, A lower rates are closed for sale and higher rates are madeA accessible.A The undermentioned illustration helps one to understand the demand ofA incomeA direction in theA hotel industry.A ThroughoutA an epidemic in Canada 25 % A fallA in the figure ofA tourists.A Amazingly, A the vacation resortA managed to restrict diminution inA incomeA to a au naturel 3 % . This wasA likelyA byA booming execution of revenueA administrationA schemes. 1.2Statement of purposes and aims 1.A ProficiencyA toA locationA revenueA administrationA schemesA toA boostA gross andA assessingA hotel valuationA methods. 2. Survey of theA customaryA gross managementA schemesA andA recognisingA contemporaryschemesA utilisedA inA hotelsA today. 3.A ComprehensiveA survey of theA schemesA and pro-activeA conclusionsA that can be taken by the hotels. 4. After researching theA schemeA elaborate in the usage ofA incomeA signifiers. 5. Put up and pull off the revenueA administrationA schemesA in aA methodicalA and efficient mode. 6.A UnderstandA the range and restrictions of theA schemesA and pro-activeA conclusionsA and give someA proposalsA and tips for the patterns to moveA in front. 7. Besides gain cognition of the hereafter trends in theA hotelA commerceA andA dataA engineering. 1.3 Identification of gross direction schemes and pro-active determinations SchemesA are formulated andA recognisedA on theA cornerstoneA of the organizationa‚Â ¬a„?sA obligationsA to optimise gross and pro-activeA conclusionsA are the self-initiatedA decisionA which control a state of affairs and in bend helps in the hereafter. 1.4Scope of the undertaking This undertaking inculcated theA proficiencyA to carry on an on-line research. ThisA taskA assistedA addition cognition about theA functionA of gross managementA schemesA in theA hotelA commerceA and relevancy of informationA expertiseA andA furthermoreA analyse hereafter tendencies. 1.5Limitations of the undertaking As such there were noA studyA restrictions as there was aA broadA varietyA ofA facts and figures accessible.A On the other manus due to theA hugeA informations at that place was a small confusion.A DistinctA income schemes were notA accessibleA at one glimpse. 1.6Conclusion This undertaking will cover schemes thatA boostA incomeA every bit good as the pro-activeA decisions directors can take. WeA furthermoreA cover an penetration of informationA expertiseA andA work outA some hereafter tendencies inA incomeA administration.A We alsoA discoverA the broad range of thisA taskA by making a elaborate survey of the subject andA thereforeA weA furthermoreA get toA understandA the research restriction of this undertaking. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal 2.1 Introduction Simply put, A incomeA direction is based on the demand A ; A provideA ideaA which statesA distinguishable monetary value pointsA developA distinctA degrees of demand ( presuming demand snap ) . There is an inauspicious relationship between the two. That is, to increase demand a hotelA desiresA toA smallerA itsA costA and frailty versa. ContrivingA this relationship on a graph gives the equilibrium ( optimal ) sellingA costA ( where the demand andA provideA lines intersect ) , and the figure of suites that can beA tradedA at that monetary value. Therefore, revenueA administrationA systemsA resolveA that a hotel is better off go forthing any left over stock lists unsold instead thanA smallerA the rate. AnyA tryA to sell suites at aA smallerA than optimal rate ( the BAR BestA accessibleA Rate ) willA reallyA have aA contradictoryA impact onA incomesA while increasing costs An undisputableA item. IncomeA disposal: A A procedure of be aftering toA accomplishA greatestA room rates and most profitable invitees ( invitees who will spendA moneyA at the hotela‚Â ¬a„?sA nourishmentA and drink mercantile establishments, giftA shops, A etc. ) , that encourages frontA agencyA directors, general directors, and selling and gross revenues managers to aim salesA clip spanA andA evolveA gross revenues plans that will maximizeA net incomes for the hotel. IncomeA supervisor: A A managementA placeA thatA presentsA inadvertence to room stock list and room rates throughA diverseA selling channels. 2.2Revenue Management Schemes TheA rudimentaryA measure to get down anyA enterpriseA is to finalise theA schemesA andA methodsA elseA the enterpriseA will be unsuccessful due toA needA ofA designingA and scheme. It is necessary toA take up aA schemeA which tells what attack and tactical programs should beA appliedA by inA alignmentA for any organisation to functionA easily.A AA businessA schemeA has to be distinguishable andA unquestionableA with esteemA to the organisational ends and objectivesA elseA theA enterpriseA will be doomed. The importance of a businessA schemeA is that itA assistsA attractA promiseA clients. Following areA twosome of theA schemesA which have been classified into modern-day and customaryA schemesA and areA helpfulA from theA issueA of position ofA incomeA direction. Contemporary Schemes: Premium Pricing: valueA and prestigiousness are frequently the twoA rudimentaryA motivations for being aA specificA merchandiseA or service. The premiumA costA of theA merchandiseA is fixed andA sustainedA throughout the life rhythm of theA merchandiseA because of itsA valueA andA rankA which are added to theA characteristicsA of that merchandise.A The monetary value which is set high Acts of the Apostless as the keyA componentA for consumera‚Â ¬a„?s motive for purchasing thatA merchandise.A This scheme is based on inclination for theA purchasersA to presume thatA costlyA goods and servicesA relishA an exceptionalA statusA or represent exceeding quality and differentiation. ForA presentation, A theA costA of suites in aA hotelA isA repairedA on the footing ofA valueA of services and the position of that hotel. The highA costA of these suites is one ofA characteristicsA for sale of these suites. Monetary value skimming: This is aA chargeA schemeA in which the monetary values of the goods and services are setA somewhatA higher in theA primaryA phases and thenA chargesA are easy lowered over a period of clip. TheA majorA of thisA schemeA is to maximizeA earningsA by selling the merchandises even before there is any market affray.A This scheme works best when there isA sufficientA figure of consumers in the market, the demand for theA merchandiseA is high or the rivals in the market are weak or veryA twosome of.A ForA presentation, A a hotel Angstrom has merely no suites in the class that the guestA likes.A The visitorA mayA proceedA to anyA close byA hotel.A Hence toA bypassA mislayingA clients and derive comparableA border over any nearbyA hotels, thisA hotelA decreasesA theA chargesA andA endeavoursA toA dealaccessibleA classA of suites to the invitee. Psychological pricing: ThisA schemeA isA utilisedA when the market requires the consumer toA replyA on emotional footing and non rationally. This attack isA utilisedA to play on theA insightA ofA buyers.A The high value goods are costA harmonizing to what the consumerA conceivesA they should beA cost.A ForA presentation, A a hotel sells its suites for Rs. 9,900A instead thanA of 10,000. This has a positive consequence on heads of visitorsA as they perceive that theA hotelA isA tradingA suites atA lowerA rates. Penetration pricing: This is a pricingA schemeA in which theA applicationA monetary value of a new merchandise is setA reduced, A frequently smallerA than the eventual marketA costA in order to perforate the market andA appealA new clients. TheA schemeA works on the belief that because of theA smallerA charges, A the clients will exchange to the newA emblem, A evolveA a liking for it andA thereforeA boostA theA yearnA to utilize that. SubsequentA when the demand for theA merchandiseA additions, theA chargesA are raised and the standard retail monetary value of theA merchandiseA is set withoutA mislayingA the clients. ThisA strategy aspiresA atA expandingA g the portion and volume of the merchandise andA thereforeA its portion in the market instead thanA aspiringA to do short termA earnings.A ForA presentation, A a hotelA likesA to present a newA emblemA of aerated drink which will beA assistedA in all theA nourishmentA and beverage mercantile establishments. TheA primaryA costA of de but of theA pieceA will be setA reducedA which will helpA appealA the invitees to purchase that drink. After the drink becomesA good likedA within the clients and its demandA rises, A the existent retailA costA will be set. Loss leader pricing: ThisA schemeA psychologically stimulates theA clienteleA in purchasing its goods or services. The merchandiseA isA tradedA atA Lashkar-e-Taiba downA chargesA to assist profitable gross revenues of otherA goods.A For presentation, A a hotelA likesA to increase its gross revenues of luxury suites. To make so they offer 5 % price reduction ifA visitorsA publicationA luxury suites. By giving this price reduction, theA visitorsA areA captivatedA to book for luxury roomsA instead thanA of theA smallerA classA of suites. Traditional schemes: Cost plus pricing: This method is chiefly used because it is really simple to measure informations using this process. A certain buttocks up monetary value is supplemented to the cost of the ware to find the trading cost of the ware. When it is tough to calculate production charges, cost in add-on to method is really helpful. It assists calculate net incomes. This process assists to find the cost of an piece that makes usage of direct charges, tangential charges and repaired charges whether associated to the constructing method and sale of that ware or non. These costs are so converted to per unit costs for the ware and so a repaired per centum of these charges are added to supply a net incomes border. For presentation, while pricing a certain bowl, the cost of ingredients every bit good as the buttocks up cost ( extra allegations added to gain from net incomes ) has to be added in alliance to acquire the concluding merchandising cost. A certain hotel may impute 150 % grade up to the cost of constituents for doing pasta so that certain net incomes is acquired on the merchandising monetary value. Capacity direction: It engages processs by which room supply can be controlled or restricted. Another characteristic is that it works out the figure of walk-ins anticipated on a given twenty-four hours of visual aspect. For presentation, over enrollment is a pattern in which enrollment of rooma‚Â ¬a„?s is done in surplus contrasted to the echt figure of accessible suites. When there is a cancellation at the last hr or no-display that means invitee does non expose up, so the hotel will stop up holding a batch of fresh capacity. For illustration no-shows in hotels will outcome in loss of income. Hence hotels sustain chronicled facts and figures on cancellations and no-shows and founded on these forms in the yesteryear, the hotel draws from a rule for the span of overbooking. Overbooking is allowed by ordinance and all international hotels follow a method for direction method of excess of overbooking. Peak/ Off Peak pricing: This scheme helps to find alterations in forms for bear downing during different rates depending upon the clip of month to reflect the fluctuation in demand for the service. Peak and off peak pricing is common in the leisure and travel sector. During off-peak times, due to less demand there is a lessening in cost of merchandise. On the other manus, during peak times there is addition in cost of merchandise due to high addition in demand. For illustration, during off-peak a hotel sells its suites at the most discounted rates in order to pull clients in purchasing their merchandise. On the other manus during extremum season there is an addition in demand for suites. At such times even if the rates at which the room is sold are increased, the demand still remain high. This helps increase the hotel gross. Competition based Pricing: comparable charge is a method that associations use to monetary value ware when market altercation is homogeneous. Cost is considered lesser to the competitora‚Â ¬a„?s charges. A house that may take to utilize this charge scheme may be underneath the competitora‚Â ¬a„?s cost, above the comparable cost or at the indistinguishable degree. For presentation, there are two hotels which are suggesting same sorts of suites with the same comfortss. But if one of them is priced higher than the other so that hotel has to be its suites after really cautious survey of market and purchaser behaviors such that clients would favor to continue to that hotel alternatively of its competition. Marketing mix: Market blend is a scheme which makes usage of four basic constituents of market planning. They are merchandise, cost, topographic point and publicity. Price is the sum which a patronage pays for any ware. The ware is the object to be traded. It is indispensable to work out what sort of merchandise is to be sold.There are diverse charge strategies to cover the merchandise which count upon constituents such as market portion, altercation, stuff cost, merchandise character and worth perceived by the purchaser. Topographic point is where the ware is to be traded and promotion is communication methods such as advertizements, public relations, personal trading, etc. which are utilized to pull clients for purchasing the ware. For illustration if a specific hotel emblem is to be opened so it will hold to take into history factors like what merchandises will the hotel trade name exactly aim at trading, what will be the perfect market place in puting up the hotel, the charges fo r the diverse room categories and other services have to be really resolute and for pulling guest to see the hotel publicity will hold to be finished through advertizements in newspapers and on telecasting. 2.3 Hotel Valuation Techniques The assorted rating techniques used are as follows: Income capitalisation: This attack is founded on the criterion of expectancy, i.e. , come closing that the value of the house is precisely related to present value of the future net incomes benefits that can be drawn from ownership of that belongings. This method is suited when the localised hotel market is non anticipated to undergo any of import changes in demand or supply, so that it can be presumed that snare income of the topic house is stabilized. Gross saless comparing: This attack is founded on the criterion of permutation, which suggests that the cost of the hotel is contrasted to other belongingss inside the same market and the cost to get every bit attractive house without undue hold groups the upper bound of worth. Evaluation of any belongings by harmonizing to this attack counts upon handiness of facts and figures on recent gross revenues of belongingss which are likewise in dimensions, location and public-service corporation to the appraised belongings. Depreciated replacing cost: The cost of a building or any plus depreciates after a period of clip. Therefore it is indispensable to cipher the depreciated replacing cost to understand the worth of that object. It is calculated by deducting the edifice cost of the plus at the present market monetary value by the false cost of depreciation it will undergo over a period of clip. Discounted hard currency flow: This process is utilized to measure the value of a undertaking, plus or a company.It is calculated by gauging the hereafter hard currency flow in an association and discounting is finished in order to make at the present worth. This worth is so taken as the trap present worth for any present money flows. This method makes use a market study by the worth and right analysis of the belongings and its economic public presentation. 2.4 Relevance of Information Technology Most hotels make usage of exceeding plans which is called Property Management strategy. The PMS comprise of both the forepart bureau every bit good as the back bureau operations. Interfacing of telephones, Internet, doorway locking strategies, Yield disposal, international circulation strategies, Visa/MasterCard, etc. , can be finished with the agencies of PMS in an effectual and effectual manner. This assists decrease the mistakes that occur when managed manually. Plans utilised for better RM REVPAR GURU provides hotels round the universe with an alternate gross disposal plans answer, conceived to present greatest engagements and net incomes. As REVPAR GURU s custom-designed Output Dynamic Price motor is the lone real-time income direction plans accessible on the market, it encounters the rapidly changing demands of hotels in a really necessitating businessA natural environment. REVPAR GURU s reply boasts dynamic rate optimisation, real-time charge, integrated cyberspace and extranet output conduit disposal and GDS gross revenues circulation, to hike a hotel s RevPAR intelligently and aptly, while prolonging rate unity and automated rate para. Since 2004, REVPAR GURU s plans answer has been utilised by hotels worldwide to increase abode and RevPAR. The connexion between the hotel commercialism and online travel bureaus ( OTAs ) extends to germinate and do deeper, as clients increasingly use electrical devices circulation transitions to seek out and purchase hotel suites. 2.5 Critique on schemes Contemporary Schemes: Premium Pricing: This strategy counts upon the prestigiousness or similitude that a merchandise comes by in the market. Even though the cost of the ware is fixed at a higher rate, consumers are willing to pay more due to the position that the ware has obtained in the market. Monetary value Skimming: The major purpose of this strategy is to collar the purchaser excess. This strategy is suited for goods that have a short life rhythm or which will confront altercation at some clip in the hereafter. It is frequently used to aim the early adoptive parents for a ware or service since they are fewer charges perceptive possibly because their demand for the ware is more than the other 1s or they understand its worth better. This strategy is frequently used merely for a short period of clip to recover the purchasing into made concept the merchandise. Psychological Pricing: This scheme is utilised to play on the purchaser perceptual experience. High deserving points are priced harmonizing to what the consumer thinks they should be charge which assists in spread outing gross revenues and hence gross. Penetration Pricing: This strategy is utilised with a position to assist perforate deeper into the market. It may be utile in launching of a new merchandise which will confront stiff competition on come ining the market. The entry monetary value which is set low aids attracts purchasers and after the demand for the merchandise rises the charges are bigger. In this manner gross revenues addition and clients are retained. Loss leader pricing: This is a promotional strategy which certain points are intentionally traded at lower rates to excite money-making gross revenues of other goods. If the consumer is aware of the echt monetary value of the merchandise so the smaller cost actions as a deal which motivates the purchaser in purchasing that ware every bit good as other related goods.Thus spread outing gross revenues and gaining more net incomes. Traditional Schemes: Cost plus method: This strategy is non reliant on the supply and demand of a ware but on the cost of merchandisation of the merchandise. It is really simple to measure net incomes by this method and it requires minimum informations for computation. Competition based: This scheme helps derive a competitory border over the rivals. This helps the purchasers get the best trade for the merchandises that they want to buy. It besides promotes hotel indorsement. Capacity Management: This strategyA assistsA toA organiseA theA capabilityA of resources inA alignmentA oA rendezvousA the demand and demand of consumers. ItA assistsA foreseeA the figure of cancellations and no-shows thereforeA savingA decreaseA of gross. Peak/Off Peak pricing: ThisA schemeA assistsA toA work outA the rates for slack and high demandA clip span.A During the slack period, A smallerA rates areA suggestedA to clients toA appealA them and actuating them to purchaseA theA merchandise.A On the other manus, A throughoutA topA season there is high demand for theA identicalA merchandiseA .Even if the monetary value is increased, demandA continuesA theA identical.A This helps make incrementalA incomeA for the organisation. Marketing mix: MarketA blendA schemeA assistsA toA work outA whatA kindA of merchandise is to be sold, at whatA costA it should beA traded, A which market should it beA tradedA in and whatA kindA of promotional activities are required for theA identical.A All this is done afterA contemplatingA theA buyerA claims.A ThereforeA this schemeA assistsA developingA greatestA incomeA by fulfillingA buyerA demands andA desires. 2.6 Future Trends/Patterns for Revenue Management WithA Internet salesA on the rise-34 % of thoseA reviewedA reported the Internet as their most productiveA gross revenues channel-it is moreA crucialA than of all time to hold anA productiveA incomeA direction scheme toA sustainA enterprise.A Now is the clip forA hotelsA to go innovators in the new age of the commerceA byA applyingA the usage of aA complicated, A automated system that canA presentA all theA best hotelA revenueA administrationA strategies, A departingA gross directors clip to make what they do best develop scheme and supervise the systemsA processs. 1. Hoteliers willA pathway, A analyse, and maximise societal networking platforms as an built-in portion of gross managementa‚Â ¬ leveraging the power ofA devicesA that help them in pull offing consumer reviewA sites and other forums. They will take a proactive attack to user-generatedA hotel reappraisals, A web logs, pictures, and images. 2. RevenueA controllersA will reinvent their attack to be even more proactive and creativea‚Â ¬ carry oning moreA survey, A concentrating on demand generators, A evolvingA relationships with theA altercation, movingA market portion, developing the hotela‚Â ¬a„?s repute, and directingA complicatedA conduit disposal. 3. AutomatedA incomeA administrationA expertiseA will go the dominant pattern, A quickly consigningA importantA additions inA incomeA andA come backA on investings to those who adopt it. 4. The cordial reception industry will concentrate clip andA assetsA onA evolvingA strongA incomeA executivesa‚Â ¬ headlined by the ChiefA incomeA Officer ( CRO ) a‚Â ¬ who canA consignA the bestA incomeA strategy, A top-line income, A and bottom-line profitableness. 2.7 Insight on proactive determinations ProactiveA decisionA devising helps inA conceivingA about a futureA conclusionA that can be good for theA association.A It helps inA assortmentA and execution of the rightA schemeA throughoutA the right clip by placing and doing usage of every chance in manus andA overwhelmingA promise menaces. High Demand Tacticss: A ( can be used when 85 % tenancy or higher is expected ) a‚Â ¬A? Near deep price reductions ( honoring compulsory price reductions such as price reduction from the rack rate ) , butA identifyA a Managera‚Â ¬a„?sA exceptionalA at a 20 % price reduction could be a goodA enterpriseA conclusionA to make full those last 5 suites. a‚Â ¬A?A SmallestA extentA of stay limitations should be usedA heedfully. a‚Â ¬A? GroupA sharesA should beA decreasedA if notA selectedA up harmonizing to understandings. a‚Â ¬A?A decreaseA orA absolutelyA eradicateA 4 or 6 p.m.A retains. a‚Â ¬A? Stricter guarantee/cancellationA principlesA can beA directed, A i.e. accept merely creditA concern cardA assuredA reserves with 24- or 48-hour cancellation demands. a‚Â ¬A?A assessA andA probablyA liftA rates for all bundles, or limit their handiness on certain yearss. a‚Â ¬A? Suites/executive roomA kindsA should be saved for fullA cost. a‚Â ¬A? Dona‚Â ¬a„?tA mechanicallyA eradicateA sell-throughA engagements, A as a multi-night stay that coincides with high demandA eveningA couldA snareA a seven-day stay. One shouldA mindfullyA gazeA atA latestA history of no-shows and cancellations. a‚Â ¬A? AllA businessA andA borrowingA concern cardA assurancesA should beA twiceA checked and should be certain toA burden upA all those suites. Following tactics can be used during forecasted sold-out yearss. a‚Â ¬A?A ConsiderA weekend stay-over and shoulder darks. a‚Â ¬A?A pursueA up on allA places. a‚Â ¬A?ContinuallyA superviseA PMS and CRO statistics. a‚Â ¬A? IfA somebodyA is portion of aA twine of linksA orA emblem, A should work with Reservations andA income Representatives at the CRO they are theA professionalsA and can greatlyA aidA with theirA know-how. a‚Â ¬A?A double-checkA befittingA limitsA areA reliableA between allA passagesA ofA circulationA ( GDS, CRO, PMS, OTA ) a‚Â ¬A?A reconsiderA and reviseA strategies. a‚Â ¬A? CommunicateA schemesA to the Front Desk. The followers are tips to maximise grosss in periods of lower demand or weaker shoulder seasons: Low Demand Tactic a‚Â ¬A? cover the value/benefits a‚Â ¬A? Use more bundles: encompass non-room income, e.g. free picture, price reduction affinity, purchasing vouchers to gestate seen value. a‚Â ¬A? keep discounted rate designs open, even if at a higher rate in peak times of the twelvemonth encouragement ascents and offer stay-sensitive monetary value incentives. a‚Â ¬A? engage staff in acquiring endeavor with incentives or gross revenues calls. a‚Â ¬A? set up connexions with rivals for referrals. a‚Â ¬A? Cross market with other belongingss. a‚Â ¬A? set up a dona‚Â ¬a„?t allow them go forth pattern , intending give the table staff the rate assortments they need to guarantee that a invitee is non put off by rate hesitance. This does non intend indefensible discounting, but learning that nowadayss sensitiveness and widespread sense. a‚Â ¬A? Know the smallest rate agreeable at that granted blink of an eye in the hotel founded on variable costs ; this means that disposal must cognize the break-even point in your hotel. 2.8 Decision ThisA sectionA gives us a briefA about some of the traditional as good asA up to dateA income managementA schemes.A It helps usA realiseA the impact ofA dataA expertiseA onA incomeA direction every bit good as enlightens us sing few futureA tendenciesA inA incomeA administration.A ItA moreover describes the assorted valuationA methodsA used for valuingA hotelA belongingss in short. Chapter 3 Purpose and dependability of the job 3.1 Introduction- This chapterA encompassesA theA submissionA of eachA schemeA in theA hotelA commerceA and where is it applied.A ThisA sectionA besides stresses on theA incomeA formA foundedA on theA costA favoritism strategy. 3.2Relevance of strategies- 1. Market segmentation- Effective market cleavage leads toA thrivingA chargeA andA assistsA increaseA income.A One manner to distinguish betweenA chargesA isA merchandiseA versioning. VersioningA procedureA is modifying a merchandise that can be sold at a lower monetary value without cannibalising ( cut downing ) the higher priced full merchandise.A VersioningA endowsA aA businessA to separate its merchandises from theA affrayA andA truly defendA itsA chargesA from prostration. ItA notifiesA repairedA chargesA are high and the marginalA charges areA reduced.A This is because competition tends toA propelA monetary values to theA gradeA of fringy costs, informationA itemsA can beA effortlesslyA bend intoA reducedA costA trade goods, doing itA unrealisticA for companies to reimburse their up-front investings and finally conveying out their death. Now theA answerA for this is to make different versions of theA identicalA merchandise orA dataA by orienting it to theA desiresA ofA distinct A clients. Basically this method of market cleavage dressed ores on how to appeal to clients withA distinctA demands. 2. Price discrimination- contemplatingA monetary value favoritism, demand isA split upA into two different monetary value pails, A numbering onA costA sensitiveness. ForA presentation, A hotel by offering a assortment ofA chargesA for the same service can cut down consumer excess andA boostA income.A RateA barriersA procedureA helps hotels toA hold rate variationsA clear.A Rate fencings are the rulesA hotelsA usage to segmentA clienteleA andA supportA why different people payA distinctA monetary values. Fences In otherA phrasesA mitigate or cut down the badness of costA unfairness. Presently designed rateA barriersA letA hotelA guests self-segment on theA basis of theirA enthusiasmA to pay and can helpA businessesA to effectivelyA goalA lower monetary values to those purchasersA who are disposed to accept certain limitations on theirA buyA andA use knowledge.A .A Crucially, A there are two types ofA barrierA rates, these helpsA hotelsA to custom-make their rates. a. Physical fencing rates- These rates comprise of, physicalA positionA andA outlookA of the room, A furnitureA andA dimensions, handiness of comfortss andA additionalA services. b. Non-physical fencing rates- ThisA encompassesA utilisationA features which means that clip and continuance of usage and frequence orA capacityA ofA utilisation.A This besides includesA purchaserA characteristicsA and dealing characteristics.A investigationsA have shown, in fact, thatA proposingA clients preventiveA dataA on hotela‚Â ¬a„?s pricing patterns can well heighten theirA insightsA of equity ( Choe and mattile, 2005, 2006 ) . 3. Discount allocation- applyingA this scheme requiresA dependableA demand prediction. Restricting price reductions by room typesA furthermoreA assistsA hotels in upselling.A FurthermoreA it would ease theA hotelsA by exciting the demand for unsoldA hotel suites, and by offeringA reducedA rates under variable chargeA construction. 4. Capacity Management- It helpsA hotelsA inA working outA howA numerousA strollA hotelsA to accept on the twenty-four hours ofA appearanceA taking intoA concernA expected cancellations, no-shows or early goings. For illustration, in the Metro-PolitianA townA hotels there are aA allotmentA of cancellations and no-showsA occurrenceA butA using capabilityA direction willA acquireA the loss. 5. Duration Allocation- occasionallyA thisA schemeA may be advantageous for hotels to lose one twenty-four hours room gross by rejecting theA bookingsA for that twenty-four hours sing the multipleA bookings.A ForA presentation, A if Thursday isA shutA toA tradingA out butA adaptA darks are non, it would beA shrewdA for aA hotelA to optimise its gross by necessitating multi-days stay for the last few suites at even a discounted rate instead than accepting reserve merely for Thursday. 6. Bundling- BundledA chargeA canA advantageA hotelA enterpriseA and their clients. Bundled pricing doesna‚Â ¬a„?t habituallyA inevitablyA benefit the clients it can supply the

Criminal Justice Authority Essay Example

Criminal Justice Authority Essay Example Criminal Justice Authority Essay Criminal Justice Authority Essay Criminal Justice Authority Evaluation The criminal justice system has always operated under discretionary authority. This includes law enforcement, the court system and corrections. Police officers enjoy the benefit of whether to charge for small infractions and whether an incident requires force to be applied. The court system uses discretionary authority in sentencing of the guilty. The department of corrections uses discretionary authority in the everyday running of the prison system, as they are the rulers of their community. Within this paper all of these fields will be evaluated and how the roles of a civilian oversight committee will fit in. There is a growing awareness of how complex police work is. This has come from an examination of the officers’ use of discretion in their daily policing activities. There is also of the critical role that community leaders have in the vitality of their neighborhoods. Discretion is used at all levels of law enforcement not just with the patrol officers. There is a special interest in how the core of police authorities uses discretion to enforce the law. Negative policies (things officers may not do) have at least two limits. First there is that they are unhelpful and irrelevant restrictions. There are rules that limit what they should do which gives supervisors rope with which to hang them with. Second there is a large gray area of necessary discretion and the feeling of not wanting anyone telling them what they should do. Because of the inattention of administrators of the day-to-day policing the beliefs that officers are being told what not to do and will use this to hand an officer crosses the line is across the board with officers. These rules fail to tell the officers what they should do in a positive way (Kelling,  2011). Police discretion cannot be structured by issuing policy statements or proscribing certain actions. There can and will be serious concerns if the departments do not develop policy guidelines that are clear and concise. Discretion is not only on patrol levels but all levels of criminal justice organizations. The portrayal of police work is inaccurate in some cases. Police do not make arrests on whether a law had been violated or not. A contributor to crime control is the low-level personnel decision makers. Social problems are solved by criminal law and unlawful behavior is diverse in nature. Criminal justice agency policies have an impact on other agencies. The idea of doing away with discretionary authority in law enforcement is in the minority (Kelling,  2011). The judicial system is made up of discretionary authority. Judging can be described as Main, (2006) â€Å"the art or science of making discrete choices among competing courses of action† (p. 4). In order for judges to rule fairly and equitably they must have the discretion to practice any lawful route. The core of the judicial function is the right to exercise discretion. Judges have the discretion to allow certain courses of actions such as mistrials, motion to exclude, testimony of certain witnesses (whether to exclude them or not) and sentencing of the accused. A judge will make choices at their discretion with the help of different options. The judicial system puts their trust in the judges to make informed and sound judgments. A judge can be persuaded by the arguments of the court advocates. A judge is in the higher position and must see, evaluate and hear the testimony with firsthand knowledge. There are situations that a judge will not use their own discretion to make a decision but will rely solely on the testimony and there will be only a yea or nay decision (Main, 2006). There are judicially-imposed conditions. These conditions can be used by judges to pursue a variety of objectives. There are four categories that overlap: Main, (2006), â€Å"(1) Germane Conditions which are conditions that reflect a close nexus with the criteria for deciding the motion that is precipitating the court order; (2) Fairness Conditions which are the conditions inspired by notions of fairness; (3) Efficiency Conditions which are conditions designed to ensure the efficient processing of cases; and (4) Power Conditions which are conditions expressing judicial fiat† (p. 6). These conditions are applied by the courts. These are concrete conditions but judicial discretion to these conditions must contemplate a number of variations. The judicial system has the authority to induce or impose these conditions (Main, 2006). Corrections are probably the area where discretionary authority can become corrupt more easily. One of the biggest infractions is the misuse of authority. This is the McCarthy  (1996), â€Å"intentional misuse of discretion for personal material gain† (para. 8). There are three offenses that comprise this type of corruption. They are directed against the inmates (McCarthy, 1996). The acceptance of gratuities or rewards from inmates for special consideration in obtaining normal prison privileges; the acceptance of gratuities for help in obtaining or protecting illicit prison activities; and the mistreatment or extortion of inmates by staff or personal gain (McCarthy, 1996, para. 8). Discretionary conduct is broken down in three different forms. They are nonfeasance, misfeasance, and malfeasance. An improper action that an official may lawfully do is referred to as misfeasance. This includes giving special privileges for some type of gratuity. Direct misconduct is referred to as malfeasance. This includes smuggling in contraband and extortion. The failure to live up the expectations of a correctional official is referred to as nonfeasance. This will include ignoring the rules of the organization and ignoring the inmate violations. Legislature gives corrections so much discretionary authority that it allows for the opportunity of corruption. Low-level employees are responsible for controlling and monitoring inmate behavior. This means that they have to make discretionary decisions which will either penalize or reward inmate behavior (McCarthy, 1996). Discretionary acts are given a wide berth by the public until something happens that a complaint is filed. We allow for police officers to arrest or charge, judges to sentence or rule on motions, and corrections officers to control the inmate population using discretionary authority. Some of these are abused and need to be looked into. There are committees formed called civilian oversight committees. The role of these committees is makes sure the officers in the criminal justice system does not abuse their power of discretion. Police should be accountable to the public for the way that they treat people. A civilian oversight committee will oversee the â€Å"conduct on behalf of the public† (Stone Merrick, 2002, p. 1). This is to correct or curb those that abuse their power. The civilian oversight committee will look into any questions of the abuse of power in the arrest, the questioning and the use of force, lethal or non-lethal. Some think that civilian oversight should go even farther into policing. Not just the patrolman but the higher ups in the organization also. Police chiefs have the discretion as to whether to punish or withhold punishment of an officer that has been accused of abusing their power. Civilian oversight committees are being considered to look more deeply into the supervisors that are abusing their power (Stone Merrick, 2002). Civilian oversight committees are being used across the world. They will look out for the fundamental rights of the citizens in relation to law enforcement. In some areas the institutional structures and the legal structure enforcing those rights are incomplete and week. A strong civilian oversight is an effort to strengthen these structures (Stone Merrick, 2002). As more and more civilian oversight committees are formed the criminal justice system will be able to operate more at their discretion because they will be closely monitored. The discretionary authority of law enforcement can cross the lines of good police work. Choosing when to charge an individual with breaking the law can lead to questions of bias. The judicial system appears to run solely on the discretion of the judge. There are conditions that are finally and a judge cannot be discrete when considering these conditions. There are many different variations that determine a judge’s final ruling. Out of all the areas of the criminal justice system the corrections area are more apt to use their discretionary authority for corruption. Giving the low-level employees the room to penalize or reward inmates because of their behavior at their discretion opens the door for corruption. Civilian oversight committees will assure that police, judges, and corrections officers do not abuse their discretionary authority. With civilian oversight committees monitoring these criminal justice systems the public can be assured that they will get fair treatment regardless of what organization they are dealing with. Reference Kelling, G. (2011). â€Å"Broken Windows† and police discretion. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved from https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/178259. pdf Main, T. (2006). Judicial discretion to condition. MSFraud. Retrieved from http://avenue-s. us/resources/judicial%20discretion%20to%20condition. pdf Stone, C. Merrick, R. (2002). Civilian oversight of the police in democratic societies. VERA Institute of Justice. Retrieved from vera. org/download? file=95/Civilian%2Boversight%2B2. pdf

Discuss and explain situations where OSHA would be able to enter and Assignment

Discuss and explain situations where OSHA would be able to enter and inspect a worksite without obtaining a warrant or the employers express consent - Assignment Example stances where the employer expressly refused inspection would the OSHA, by virtue to â€Å"Section 5(a)(1) of the Act, known as the â€Å"General Duty Clause,† which requires that every working man and woman must be provided with a safe and healthful workplace† (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2002, p. 1), obtain a warrant to inspect. Therefore, the instances or situations where OSHA would be able to enter and inspect a worksite without obtaining a warrant or the employer’s express consent include the following: (1) imminent danger situations that required immediate corrective actions (where the definition of imminent danger is explicitly stated as â€Å"any condition where there is reasonable certainty that a danger exists that can be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before the danger can be eliminated through normal enforcement procedures† (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2002, p. 3); (2) accident investigations, especially when more than three employees have been injured, become hospitalized or caused unfortunate deaths; and (3) when there are complaints for unsafe or unhealthy working conditions were apparently received from any member of the organization or its stakeholders (Occupational Safety & Health Administration,

How are game console interfaces assisting in creating an immersive Essay

How are game console interfaces assisting in creating an immersive gaming experience - Essay Example Games consoles are typically thought Ð ¾f as units that operate through a television or some other large, external screen or monitor. These units require an external power supply, thus severely limiting their portability. The games themselves are mounted on media that is inserted into the unit, such as a CD, DVD or cartridge, or in media such as a cassette, readable through a tape player. The console has a keyboard, sockets for joysticks or other games controllers, or both. Experimentation with current games console technology suggests that the PC is still, despite the considerable price disadvantage, a more realistic and usable device for serious, Network-based research. However, for beginners to the Internet who require only basic facilities, a games console with network access may prove a more fiscally viable option. As Ð ¾f September 2000, the one games console Ð ¾ffering online access possesses significant limitations in terms Ð ¾f browser functionality, and Ð ¾ffers no facilities for downloading files or data. While the computer gaming community is more interested in the speed and playability aspects Ð ¾f online gaming, it is the data and application storage and manipulation functionality Ð ¾f consoles that will need to be addressed, as well as data transfer capabilities, if such devices are to become a serious electronic library accessing option for the academic and research communities. Furthermore, the PC, with the Apple Macintosh a distant second, has a firm hold within the library, educational and other sectors as the system Ð ¾f preference for accessing the Internet. This is due to a combination Ð ¾f familiarity, longevity, educational sales discounts leading to PC prices being substantially cheaper than if bought by members Ð ¾f the public, and the absense Ð ¾f an alternative.